8_Sampling Strategy and Sample Size for a Qualitative Research Plan Paper

8_Sampling Strategy and Sample Size for a Qualitative send off - Research Paper Examples are both the librarians and the library users, meaning that the battlefield does non seek to obtain a consume from an unknown general population, which would in turn require that the sample is generalized to arrange the entire population (McCabe, 2005).While the challenges facing funding and sustainability of library service is a common challenge for different libraries in different states, each library has its own unique challenges, which may not be generalized. Therefore, the aim of the study is not to obtain a representative sample of the population, however a sample that is unique to the Clayton County Library System (CCLS), in terms of exposure, usage and experiences. This is because it is only much(prenominal) a sample that would be in a position to give both comprehensive and current information regarding the library. Thus, instead of seeking to have a sample population that can b e inferred to represent the general population, the main target of the study is to delve into the intricacies of the experiences of the librarians and the library users, as a means of arriver an informed conclusion regarding the sustainability of Clayton County Library, so that a diversified structure of funding can then be recommended, based on this information. Therefore, since the study is neither seeking a representative sample nor targeting generalization, the application of the goal-directed sampling strategy under non-probability sampling method is recommended for the study.The selection of a representative sample for this study is important, to ensure that the information gathered through the interviewing process is not biased. However, this is a secondary requirement as far as this study is concerned, considering that the main objective of the case study is to obtain as expatiate information as possible, regarding the experiences of both the librarians and the library use rs. Obtaining experiences does not pose any major risk of biases, considering that smooth information regarding the

The impact of exercise on mental health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The impact of exercise on mental health - hear ExampleIt is important for an addict to seek a special(prenominal) exercise to be able to knock the vice as this will also be able to finish the urge or tighten up it.an colony leads to becoming a habit for the victim and therefore for superstar to break a especial(a) habit through exercise to break the monotony. An addiction has been described as a chronic affection because it affects the brain action at law to be able to specify the notion of the body as a particular activity that needs to be through.Exercise can also be apply to boost dopamine. In this it helps fight the stimuli effect or the urge back in the mind of the user of the particular addiction taking back to the brain and the user can view a particular activity as not important and this will lead to more inconsistency and lead to freedom.The challenge of quitting an addiction with one day is that the hypothalamic pituitary gland is thrown off balance as it was alre ady used to the habit. The withdrawal affect comes over and this might lead to one to seek more of the addicted marrow squash if they come into contact with it. The need for exercise is that it boosts dopamine which elevates the need for mood and also reduces drowsiness for the enduring leading to boost of morale for the user. Exercise helps in rebuilding the mind by increasing neurogenesis. When this is done the urge of the addiction is almost brought to zero therefore enabling one to perform more qui vive and to be tolerant with the withdrawal symptoms. It is this aspect that exercise increases the neurogenesis and therefore helps in breaking the addiction.Exercise battles the concern and depression that comes with withdrawal. When one stops to indulge with an addiction there is a gap to his/her day activity and for it to be properly filled one has to replace with a new positive habit for

To investigate various aspects of the design and construction of a Assignment

To investigate various aspects of the design and construction of a major civil engineering labor movement that has taken place in the last few years - Assignment ExampleSkidmore, Merrill and Owings performed the tasks of the engineering and architecture. different roles in the construction process included the chief structural engineer performed by Bill Baker, Adrian smith was the chief architect and Samsung C & T being the radical contractor (10, 11,12). The construction division of Al Ghurair Investment carried the tower construction activities (14, 13).The design of the tower was based on the idea that it was to be the centerpiece of a wide scale development. The initial plan stipulated that the development would have several functions. The create is intentional to to encompass thirty thousand homes, at least nineteen residential towers, nine holes, the Burj Khalifa man-made lake and the vast Dubai Mall. The additional constructions and building around the building offered alternative solutions to the needs that would not be met by the building. The primary decision to build the structure relied on the government decision towards diversification. It is observed that the government wanted to transform from dependence on the oil to service and tourism sector. It is evident that the construction of Burj Khalifa has led to a megabucks of international recognition. The outcome of such recognitions is increased investment from both the local and international community. The building has cast off Dubai on the map due to the sensations it creates.The design process was carried out by Merrill, Skidmore and Owings. The architects have also knowing other leading structure such as the Willis Tower and the New Yorks World Trade Centre. The structure takes the application of the bundled tube design (37, 38). The building is a reminiscence of the Vision for Illinois, the Frank Lloyd Wright design, designed for Chicago. Initially, Burj Kalifa was designed based on the tower place Tree building with its seventy-three floors. Additionally, the initial plan had it that the building should solely be used for residential purposes. Subsequent

Occupational safety and health - OSHA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Occupational resort and health - OSHA - Essay ExampleThe next step involves an inspection of the damage at the assembly realm and document findings and analysis of the outcomes. The most critical information to devote right away would be the causative factors that triggered the occurrence of the accident at the assembly area such as the status of the equipment in office at the time of the casualty (Burke et al., 2011).I would tell the engineers and the supervisors to compile documented evidence regarding the standards, design technology, and codes of the equipment that caused the incident and the suitability of such equipment for their intended purpose as at the time of the incident. Moreover, I would request them to picture an analysis of the causes and outcomes of the accident in relation to composition, human activities, external factors, equipment and functions that impacted the incident. As the OH&S professional, I would meet with the facility manager immediately and info rm him or her about the incident, the number of hourly employees who have sustained injuries as well as their health condition, the nature of injuries sustained, and the medication offered. In addition, I would gestate the causal factors about the information provided by the touch hourly employees concerning the cause of the incident. The facility manager would besides be informed of the need for Participatory Ergonomic Intervention (PEI) teams and initiatives to enhance precaution related behaviors and outcomes as well as compensating the affected hourly employees (Burke et al., 2011).It would be recommended that I meet with the hourly employees and inform the affected employees about the findings attained following an investigation of the incident. In addition, education and training on OH&S along with the components of safety management would be discussed. I would also use the analysis of the incident to intensify safety related behaviors of

Strategic management case on Penn National Gaming Study

Strategic management on Penn National looseness - Case Study mannikinThe report will be primarily divided into three sections. The first section will be presenting a brief overview of the fraternity. Apart from that, this section will also shed light on the history, competitors, missionary work and vision statement of the beau monde. The second section will discuss and analyze the current strategies of the company. In addition, the monetary data will also be covered. The last section will emphasize on the findings from every last(predicate) the strategic and financial analyses. Finally few recommendations will be provided to improve the efficiency of the company. Penn National Gaming History Penn National Gaming is a turn operator, which is currently headquartered at Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, United States. The root of the company dates back to the early 1970s when the company opened its first venture Penn National Race feast in the year 1972 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ... Penn National Gaming (PNG) with its subsidiaries also operates in the field of racing and gaming industry. Company Overview Penn National Gaming PNG or Penn National Gaming is a multi jurisdictional, diversified and manager and owner of pari-mutuel properties and gaming. According to the recent report, the company operates with around 29 facilities throughout 19 jurisdictions. The list complicates Mississippi, Texas, West Virginia, Florida, Maine, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, sensitive Mexico, Indiana, Maryland, Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, New Jersey, Nevada, Ohio, and Ontario. Apart from that, Penn National Gaming also manages a casino in Canada. The total operated facilities of the company nearly accounts to 850 table games, 36,800 gaming machines, 2,900 hotel rooms and a gaming floor space of 1.6 million uncoiled feet. The company presently operates with around 17,000 employees. As of 2011 the net revenue of the company was US $ 2, 742.25 million. The major produ cts and run of the company include Casino gaming, Off-track wagering facilities, Horse racing and Slot machines (Plunkett, 2009). Some of the company owned properties include Hollywood Casino Lawrenceburg, Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races, Hollywood Slots Hotel and Raceway, Hollywood Casino Aurora, Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course, Off-track Wagering Facilities, Argosy Casino Riverside, Hollywood Casino Joliet, Argosy Casino Alton, Account Wagering/ internet Wagering, Hollywood Casino Baton Rouge, Pimlico Race Course, Hollywood Casino Bay St. Louis, Hollywood Casino Tunica, Sioux City, Argosy Casino, Boomtown Biloxi, down in the mouth Gold Casino at Zia Park,

Implementation and Evaluation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implementation and Evaluation Plan - grant ExampleDuring proposalning for the execution of instrument cultivate, precision of relevant details and focused execution is of essence. There atomic number 18 various approaches which have been fronted by many medical practitioners and scholars as being effective in this process (Canadian Council on Smoking and Health, 2003). As has been noted in earlier discussion, effective cessation interventions for tobacco related to issues require a healthc atomic number 18 facility-based program, which was approximated to take a minimum of at least 6 weeks. This would blend in various methods and tools to assist in the implementation process. While carrying out this plan, the participation of all stakeholders is of greater immensity since owning of any program by those affected is one sure way of ensuring it is well implemented. The implementation plan would take the following steps Determining the first program and type that needs to be tur n to Here, the cessation intervention programs will take into account the three most important types of gaining change. These would be the knowingness of the effects and necessity of changing the doings, supportive purlieu that would check the nurses are not attracted to smoking and are encouraged by the efforts, and the change in lifestyle for these nurses to start seeing some of their normal practices as actually being abnormal. This implementation part requires that the health facility identifies prior to implementation the strengths and relevant weaknesses of the nurses to ensuring that the preceding(prenominal) aspects of change are realized. In this case, we take advantage of the strengths that these smoking nurses have to adapt to change by using them to conquer their weaknesses. This is because the implementation program is geared towards making sure that we have a long-term effect and change in behavior in that the cessation would last longer (Royal College of Nursing, 2002). While creating sensation the level of awareness for participants is increased by creating an interest in the topic. In this case, newsletters, health fairs, posters and testing for ototoxic levels could be realized. This simply works by motivating the nurses to attend the intervention program. In lifestyle change, the behavior of the participant is changed. This will be done through modification processes, skill building to tackle the inhale for smoking and using the experiential learning processes. This kind of implementation practice should be done end-to-end the period allocated for the intervention program. Supportive environment will be given so as to ensure that a long term, healthy and sustained lifestyle is achieved by these nurses. This will be implemented by putting much emphasis Determination of the level of intensity of the intervention program In the implementation process, the level of intensity in which the intervention program is being carried out will he lp in the determination of the degree of success, and this is affected by the amount of resources in place, time that has been allocated for such an exercise, and the human resources gettable in the carrying out of the process. It is expected that the level of awareness for nurses attending the intervention for cessation of smoking expertness not be high since most of the nurses might assume they already know enough. However, it is envisaged that since an enabling environment that supports change of behavior would have been put in place, including best exercise facilities, provision of healthy foods

Concert Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concert - Assignment ExampleDiwali is lionised contrastingly in different regions of India. For example, in northern India, Diwali is a mean to celebrate the return of Rama from Ayodhya after suffering in kick out for fourteen years. It is renowned to honour Ramas victory against the defeat of Ravana. Similarly, in Gujrat, Diwali is celebrated to welcome the goddess of riches which is known as Lakshmi in Hindi. In other parts such as Nepal, people celebrate the festival to remind themselves the victory of Krishna who was known for defeating evil king Narakaasura. Also in Bengal, Dewali holds a fundamental importance for them as a celebration associated with the goddess of Kali Mata. Traditional Activities The typical traditional activities include The killing of houses, streets, shops and all the public places. Buying and wearing new attires. Decorating every corner of the city with beautiful lights curiously the Diyas. Cooking traditional foods especially the real festive me als. Exever-changing gifts such as traditional sweets, valuable gold items for women and dresses such as Sari, dried fruits, toys for children. And last but not the least, displaying the magnificent fireworks to celebrate the real pith and charisma of Diwali. Traditional Music Music and dance are an essential part of any Hindoo festival. Even during, Diwali people celebrate the joy and happiness on the beats of traditional festive medicament mixed with Holy songs and sometimes, songs from the famous Indian movies are also played. Any Hindu festival is considered without symphony especially without the beats of drums. Songs are played on all the public venues for people to dance and cling to the moments. Traditional Food Diwali is incomplete without sweets and traditional food. Indians celebrate this event with the touch of their traditional sweets known as Mithai. Other traditional foods include Halwa, snacks made from chickpeas, rice and lentil and Chivda. Especially on the d ay of Diwali, women take back a plenty of their time in cooking these traditional foods including drinks such as Chai, Sorbets and different stock-still desserts. Their food is usually filled with spices and herbs cooked in special coconut oil (Source The Guardian). Conclusion Diwali is the most celebrated event in the history of India and wherever Sikhs, Hindus and Jains live. It has remained the same during all those times and it is still celebrated in the same traditional and enthusiastic manner. Even today, people still decorate their surroundings with colourful lights, nonfunctional items, exchange gifts and focus on sending traditional sweets to one another. Hindus know how to preserve their traditions and culture without changing them even a bit. Works Cited BBC. Diwali- 3rd November. Available Online. http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/hinduism/diwali.shtml accessed on 8th March, 2013 The Guardian. Whats eaten at Diwali. Available Online. http//www.guardian.co.uk/lifean dstyle/wordofmouth/2011/oct/25/whats-eaten-at-diwali accessed on 8th M

Business Week Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Week - Article ExampleThese kinds of sessions argon particularly important when a company is poised to seek an edge over its counterparts in a rather expanding business. Such sessions supplement the essential steps of decision making, particularly in gathering selective information and coming up with ideas that can possibly be implemented. Extreme brainstorming sessions entail nearly all told the essential steps of decision-making, with particular influence on information gathering and analysis steps. In term of electronic business, where prices keep plummeting down with unrelenting advancements in technology with each passing day, businesses can save tackle their rivals by fulfilling the needs of customers at lower prices. Business related to electronics is highly versatile, consequently it requires inventive ideas and in-depth understanding of customers to meet their needs and beat the competition. Best Buy has serious competitors like Newegg and Circuit metropolis an d therefore, such sessions are highly critical to a companys decision making treat if it is to mark its name against its competitors.Such sessions would give rise to further creative ideas coming up from employees because citizenry belonging to the same sector and similar expertise would constantly turn up with diversified views of situations, hence these kinds of sessions involve enormous collaboration between employees of similar discipline. In addition to this, having a strong seize with people and sharing of ideas would culminate in supplementary creative thoughts springing up for the business. Irrefutably, businesses such as that of electronics are always at an imminent threat by the competitive world. A slight advancement would pass on behind all the old technology therefore, it requires an acute sense and better understanding of technological changes to bear in electronics retailing business. For this reason, sessions such as these would

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 2 SLP Essay

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 2 SLP - Essay ExampleThere is a great need to assure this employees comfort as tumefy as avoid smirch. Studies presently show that improvements in solve work stations for people who work at computers can be made to decrease risk and increase productivity (Smith & Bayehi, 2003). It is important to score the employees body type to the equipment and furniture that is being used.Step One of our evaluation has to be the overall ceremonial of this office. Step Two would be to assure that good anthropometric evaluations is done of each of the employees using the newer digital photographic tools so an organized evaluation can be done. Step three would be to matter at the amount of time that employees are out because of such complaints as back pain and wrist bone tunnel syndrome, allowing us statistical evaluation for an ROI.Once the evaluation is done , the noted problems should be work out and many of those will be solved with ergonomicall y based furniture. This furniture of course will need to be fit to each employee. No two workers are alike, therefore no two workstations will be exactly right. This becomes even more important as the workforce ages and the risk of long term injury becomes higher (Smith, 2005). Studies now show that employees who work at computers feel the need to leave their computers at to the lowest degree five times per day to stretch their legs. This affects the productivity of the de fictional characterment (Smith, 2005).It is interesting to note here, and consider as we redesign the furniture in this office that over 60% of employees surveyed note that they would like to be equal to(p) to stand at least 50% of the time that they spent doing their jobs (Smith, 2005). This may need to be part of this evaluation and change. There are presently newer workspaces that adjust from standing to sitting in a vogue that will allow the worker to make that choice. This might keep the worker on the job more

Compare de Beauvoir's position with the position of either Mill or Essay

Comp be de Beauvoirs position with the position of either Mill or Rawls - Essay ExampleFor a utilitarian what is heavy is what gives pleasure, happiness, contentment or welf atomic number 18. Utilitarianism contains a theory of salutary and a theory of right. It is characteristic of the utilitarian theory of right that rightness is derived from goodness. They base what is either good or right on human experience (Nabor-Nery, 2003). People tend to approve the things which bring nearly pleasure but disapprove which do not. Hobbes says that, a man fears depends on his individual character and nurture page 2. For example if a person is comfortable with taking a bottle of wine they are happy and enjoy the pleasure that comes forth. Others hate taking whine therefore it pull up stakes be patent that they will disapprove that idea. They shall consider that as a wrong act to follow. Therefore, a person is resign to do what they desire as long whatever they are doing gives them pleasur e and are comfortable with it. gaiety will lead to calmness and a very stable community. When people are happy they are most likely to leave good lives which have no crime thus creating a edict which can be confided in. For example, Hobbes tells us to seek peace and follow it in Page60. For the De Beauvoir position under freedom, the causation argues that everyone has the ability to take note of them and choose what to do (Keltner, 2006). We are free, but our freedom is always enacted in a world. This limits the level of freedom as compared to Mills point of view. We have to follow the rules brought about by for example, the government. She also says that freedom is the universal absolute end. You are able to do what you desire to do. There seems to be a little contradiction of the ideas which are presented by Mill and De Beauvoir. Consequentiality theory For the Consequentialism theory Milldefines, it as those honorable theories that hold a particular actions consequences usual ly form the basis of any valid moral perceptiveness regarding that particular action. He argues that for whatever you do it is a must(prenominal) you afford for it. For example, when you steal something which is not yours you must suffer the consequences of that action which is not acceptable in the society. It also focuses on the outcomes of the actions, emphasizes on results instead of the types of acts involved. in the beginning you do something you should be able to consider the consequences that follow the reaction. Mill insists that it is always fair for what to pay for your actions (Nabor-Nery, 2003). This will create a good society and will agnise everybody watch what they are doing for that fear. It will make people more organized and answerable in what they do. It also creates a stable government and reduces the problems and risks of governmental instability in the country. A person is always responsible for what they do. No one can pay for your mistakes. It is only y ou who will suffer for your own misconduct. De Beauvoir argues that the reaction of other people to another person ground on the fact that you cannot help but be affected by those reactions, the author says that they are compel not to be satisfied by your actions (Keltner, 2006). She also argues that other people responses are positively inevitable for one to keep on acting. For both authors, they contradict on ides as we have seen above. They all

Assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include Essay

Assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and complicate their historical timelines - Essay ExampleIn this instance, the groups maintain their elements of their identities such as their last, language and their other course of instruction of cultural practices or the traditions. Pluralists in this instance, believe that they can only solelyow intermingling of their refinement with the modern aspects of life. much(prenominal) aspects include education, music, art, history, cuisine and other relevant aspects of life (Suarez-Orozco, Suarez-Orozco, & Qin-Hillard, 2010).It refers to the evolution of the diversity of culture within a given limit that took place in the past. The evolution of the culture was under the influence of the selection, institution, and the settlement policies. It entails the connection of two or more groups due to the demographic features that surround them.The Hispanics regarded themselves as not the same as the Americans while some of them coul d speak both English and Spanish could not fully assimilate into the American culture. Hispanics were also more liberal and conservative in comparisons to the Americans decided not get assimilated into the American culture (Garci, 2005).The relationship between these people and the natives was very worse. It was not possible for them to socialize with the natives since there was a jalopy of racial discrimination regarding their skin culture. Almost in all sectors in the United States, these people neer interacted with the natives or the real American citizens by birth. As such, they ended up, not getting assimilated into American culture (Suarez-Orozco, Suarez-Orozco, & Qin-Hillard, 2010).The wave of the assimilation that was to occur for the Native Americans was to undergo the assimilation that involves the acceptance of the foreign culture from the Europeans. The foreigners were at those times majorly the colonialists in the country. Europe agitated for a standard form of educat ion system all over the world, but the Americans believed that theirs was more superior and decided to follow

Public Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Relation - Essay Exampleis severely criticized of unworthy service or of that case on controversial mobile phone hacking ,admittedly done by countersign of the World against murdered schoolgirls and those families of terror victims in London, which led its closure after 168 years of business operating theatre and serving about 7.5 million readers (Adam, 2011).1. What has caused British everyday opinion to turn against Rupert Murdochs News world(prenominal) in such a spectacular fashion and how effective do you consider the companys efforts at managing the crisis have been? Give reasons for your answer. What are the key lessons of this case for business in general?2. jibe to Damian Carrington (2011), gaining public support is the key to successfully introduce novel technologies such as nuclear provide and genetically modified food. Do you agree? Why or why not? What role should public relations play in this regard, bearing in mind the observation of George Monbiot (2011) that public distrust of corporations is partly due to perceptions of industry spin?3. What light does the story of vodafail.com shed on public relations in the new era of social media? How can companies protect their reputations in the digital age? (Grunig and Hunt 1984) would be most appropriate to building public trust in new technologies.Opinions that are publicized or broadcasted can powerfully affect trade, public policy, and social relations. It can destroy or can reconstruct, depending on the ideation, framework, ideological influences, experiences, level of education, social precept, norms, needs, emotional causes, including idiosyncrasies.Human beings, considered as social animals, have their respective value-orientation, needs, emotions, abilities and personalities. Value-orientation refers to how a person attributes some importance to a subject or object of opinion.The latitude of discussion of an swerve is widespread depending on the number of persons, stakeholders or persons that would be affected.

Federal Fairfax ACt (H.R 25 and S13) and SCFarifax Act (H-3993) Assignment

Federal Fairfax ACt (H.R 25 and S13) and SCFarifax Act (H-3993) - appellation ExampleThe idea behind this legislation is that it seeks to simplify the current tax code, expand home ownership, un-tax the poor, alter global competitiveness, promote higher education and charitable giving and create more jobs. The underlying guess was that consumption provides a more stable and modal(a)er base for taxation than income.The broadsheet has conveniently been called A bill to promote freedom, fairness and economic opportunity by repealing the income tax and other taxes, abolishing the internal Revenue renovation and enacting a national sales tax to be administered primarily by the states.The Fair-Tax plan is a all-inclusive proposal that replaces all federal income and payroll-based taxes with an integrated approach including a progressive National Retail gross sales Tax (NRST) and a prebate to ensure that no American citizen pays federal taxes on spending up to the pauperisation le vel, dollar-for-dollar federal revenue neutrality and through companion legislation, the repeal of the 16th Amendment. The proposed Fair-Tax would be a broad-based, end type consumption tax with statutory tax liability on final consumers and tax collecting in the hands of sellers of goods and services to these consumers.The tax base would include all supplies of goods and services, which would mean a comforting enlargement compared to the tax base of the current state sales and use taxes. It promotes neutrality as tax cascading is prevented by taxing all final consumption of goods and services and by exempting business inputs.Under the fair tax act, the IRS will be disbanded and in its place a new excise tax delegacy established within the department of treasury to collect remaining excise taxes. The social security judicial system would collect Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes. The NRST would collect the revenue services of the individual states.It

A Risk Management Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

A jeopardize Management Proposal - Assignment ExampleRisk evaluation is also extremely important in order to minimize the occurrence of lucks. The two widely used methods of assay evaluation include inherent and objective methods. Many people from different departments are involved in the butt of jeopardize precaution who oversee different phases of the project jeopardize management.If case of construction industry, people included in the process of risk management are project risk manager, risk management team, project risk custodians, risk profile owners, and team members of the project. Project risk manager provides the risk management strategy to the team in order to manage the risks associated with the project. The project management team collects necessary information required for the purpose of risk management. The risk profile owners allocate the responsibility of the risks to the concerned staff. The custodians of the risk oversee and consolidate the risks within a pa rticular risk category. The project team members provide the necessary information regarding risks to the project profile owners and the risk management team.The phases of the risk management process include establishment of context for risk management, communication of risk management, risk identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk treatment, and monitoring and reviewing of the risk.Emaar is a Public Joint Stock attach to whose motive is to provide the people with high standard life looks. Emaar is a Dubai based Construction federation and has been working successfully since 1997. Emaar Construction Company competes in various areas related to construction industry. These areas include edifice beautiful homes, master planned communities, various construction projects, and providing the customers with full range of high life style requirements.The risk occurs when the client asks for a change in the design of the building at a later(prenominal) stage by commenting th at the design document was not shown

Cyber Defense Situational awareness Research Paper

Cyber abnegation Situational certainness - Research Paper ExampleThe chapter further outlines the topical issue through sub-topics such as OODA loop, PDAR and J2 intelligence cycle, Cycle and CND and accompanying response. Other sub-topics include the role of Digital Forensic in Cyber C2 for website awareness, how models relate in situation awareness, issues with cyber demur in situation awareness and why active defense is required. The chapter provides a presentation on how active defense enhance organization intelligence cycle. It ends with a compendium of the main points in the literature review.2.2 Defining Cyber Security and Situation Awareness.Situation awareness is defined as the capacity to swiftly and efficiently address arriving stimuli with appropriate responses (Cumiford, 2006). It impacts defensive operations at the tactical take through the provision of the ability to recognize and respond to actions of the adversary (Tadda, n.d.). Endsley (1995) describes SA as the view of the fundamentals in the surroundings at heart a degree of time and space, the understanding of their connotation, and the protuberance of their status in the conterminous future. SA integrates the surroundings, goal, organization, existing substantial and human possessions, and other actors in the environment (Pew, 2000). Situation awareness provides a closing making model that can be broken into three components. The first one entails being aware of the current environment (Endlay and Garland, 2000). It is followed by the other component of determining the importance of certain incidents in the cyber foundation domain. The last component entail being able to tie the alertness to opportune and apt responses (Cumiford, 2006). In the SA model, cyber situation awareness dust is responsible for processing of the incoming data the purpose is to try and repulse any attacks from the external source (Tadda, n.d.). In order to do so, a cyber SA system must wealthy person such tools as intrusion detection systems, firewall logs, system logs, intercommunicate flow and connection data (Tadda, n.d.). Models within a cyber SA system combine to enable the cyber SA system to capture and reason about past, current, and future states of the system operations and possible threats. The system is able to build new models or modify existing ones found on a combination of new and old information. This is made possible through positive traffic of all models within the cyber domain, as well research in the field (Hettinger and McKeely, 2011). The Cyber SA updates these models based on the insert from the external environment, self status and planning and reasoning outputs. This decision making model is pegged on the adjacent capabilities recognition of particular situations, determination of the significance of particular situations, reactive and proactive capabilities, ability to handle unbelief and incompleteness, and ability to break goals into constituent parts (Cumiford, 2006). To make the cyber SA decision making model perform better, quatern additional capabilities are required. Temporal reasoning is required as situations occur in time, including the modal logic. 2.3 CND and incident response and its role in SA Computer network defense is a system aimed at protect information systems against attacks. A classic CND is comprised of multiple niche intrusion detection tools, each of which carries out network data analysis and produce a unique alerting output (Beaver, et al, n.d.). Passive defense involves such tools as password protection, data encryption, and firewalls. However, these tools suffer from limitations in that hackers are

Human Resource Management Challenge Essay Example for Free

serviceman Resource Management Ch all(prenominal)enge EssayAs human imagination accomplishment manager, exit puff a undertakeing with main office mental faculty and discuss to pee-pee new policy rules and regulation according smart squ be off counterfeits wine cellar and give waying time, strict rules to department supervisor and line leader essential be responsible on yield operating and department cleanness surroundings, main leaders must coaching new operator the basic rules and confederacy working style well. Fixing CCTV camera at whole atomic number 18a of lodge environment to coun limitand illegal activities and control the situation either time.Arrange confederation official bus transport to all the staff to make tripping facilities to cover the duration of travelling for those staying far and cover accident. According to troupe rules all the staff quest be corporate with management and department leaders to run the comp whatsoever well and helpin g each other(a) during working time, any information regarding society issues, product, celebration must be arrange a meeting to inform all the replete to avoiding misunderstood and conflict.Each ein truth time department supervisor have taken action on neglect working stuff and inform to the management and always make daily working report to show the production publication and situation, rock-steady working stuff will be offer special features, as increasing issue and much more, arrange canteen or rest room to all staff to they recourse. The human imagery or HR department is instrumental in implementing effective cheek phylogeny. The human proles of an establishment ar perhaps its near important assets. The successful management of these valu equal human resources will drive the organization to optimum success.The various roles of HR organization schooling must be implemented in bond with the overall strategical prep aredness of the organization. As employers and wo rkers and trade unions representing them for several responsible for dandy industrial relations, the commencement exercise step is for both management and trade unions to accept the highest level, the same degree of person responsibility for industrial relations as for other exits inside their respective organizations. Good industrial relations need to be developed within the framework of efficiency of the establishment or undertaking.As such, a major nonsubjective of management must be to develop and effective personal and industrial relations policies which engender the confidence of all employees, subject to the purpose for which the establishment or undertaking was establish and its social obligations to the nation evenly trade unions should ensure that the policies and recitals that they adopt are not only fair in relation to the function and purpose for which they been formed but similarly take into requireation national interest. Ground rules are formal to keep an o rganization guided and controlled. At times that certain rules are choking to the neck.This may be gorunds for conflict betwixt employees and the management. Whenever and individual feels that there are inconsistencies and irrationalities in the oeuvre, tendency is the person truggles to break indigent from such process. For employees, it may take an effort to really understand that such rules is a way of maintaining standards in the guild. But this should be well-implemented andproperly disseminated by the management in a way that will not be like a threat to the inviduals. To build inclusive and harmonious oeuvres, both employees and managers play important roles.Organisations should furnish them with the relevant knowledge and skills, and encourage them to display attributes and behaviours can build competencies to foster inclusive and harmonious workplace by embedding them in formal HR practices recruitment hiring candidates which in with fit in which the organisations abide bys on inclusiveness learning and development equipping employees with the knowledge and skills to work effectively in diverse team ups performance management assessing employees on their ability to work effectively in a diverse team or manage a diverse team organisations should adopt recruitment policies which are consistent with the three-party guideling on fair employees practices to build an inclusive and harmonious workplace, organisations need to recruit candidates who are able to work with or ead diverse teams team department are also provided with a al piteousance every tie to plan their own gatherings and team building activities.To help new employees assimilate into organization muvee provides support to new arrived foreign employees, helps them with accommodation arrangement, administrative requirement and share with them places to eat or visit in Singapore. An employee entry on the internet also allows new employees to quickly get acquainted with other in the company , organisations which already have employee awards in place can consider including values and behaviours that fster inclusive and harmonious workplace as part of the awards critera ANSWER SECTION ONE (B) As agency of teach and development, human resource department are important facilities to every stemma to handling company daily situation, and working activities.Human resource department are responsible to covered company programmemed running and all the organization in perfect way in all the time. However, HR department creating new style and activities among staff to make new out experience to run company and control all the activities well , to generating new era with company and staff, HR are mostly focusing on administrative creating new way to organization and for company, HR department are mostly responsible and protection for company basement and organization. It included skills and knowledge accomplish for both personal development and career and provemen t. Planning by professionally developing with each employee and implementing that provision to an effective performance management system.Human resources and staff development will continue to focus on developing strategic initiatives and providing services and chew the fatation which mitigate business performance for the greatest and effiency . Staff will continue to participate in the review of organization structures on a consultancy basis and dispense issues congenator to the corporate culture and values. The human resource management functions no longer have merely a transactional role. There is a requirement for the human resource department to become more strategic in the practice employees will have salutary and supportive workplace. Every business needs a caoutchouc plan.Objective develop a prophylactic checklist and operate the business to ensure all safety regulations are met. Reduce workplace injuries to zero. nvolve employees through with(predicate) an internal committee or team in making their environment a safe place to work. stick up health and wellness programs through an optional, additional-cost, benefit program. Strategy the safe and supportive workplace goal will be supported by a company program to engage employees in individuals health practices and improvement and work programs and work-from home progams. ensure the at work environment is ergonomically best. Measures of success reductions in injury reduction in time off request reduction in absenreeism associate on the job accommodation program fixture safety inspections regular safety meetings with employees regular ergonomic appraisals.Good human resource planning and management will result in good report and communications between employees and the management. It will also result in individual employees development plans low employees invert over low absenteeism low safety incident, competitive employees compensations programs including basic employees benefits high moral e good part output and in effect(p) operations, well worked employees and satisfied customers. Salary competitveness witin the industy and basic employee benefit need to be reviewed regularly likely at least every two year. The plan needs to indentify hiring and procession policies and employee development plans for improving employees performance.The purpose of the breeding and Development Program is to provide consultation curriculum and facts of life services ti pinal country employees so they can improve their professional skill set to advance the country priorities and delier the best services possible to pinal country residents, 70% of trained employees who demonstrate improvement skill knowledge through pre and post rearing testing. 10% of pinal country employees that complete a job related degree though the tuition reimbursement program per consultation provided. 80% of pinal country employees who have completed any franklin covey provision program offered through h r, that show an improved evaluation of job performance between the preamp post assessment by managers. (SECTION TWO) As HR department working for company long term in all the ways, to create new techniques and capability to cover organization to improve company basement and development, company are now looking for more high quality new out come product and new strategic.Human resource are plays the essential role in developing company very well by handling all the employee activities of an organization , company in beginning of crop phases can be benefited identifying schooling needs for existing staff. The strategies that also can reduce turnover and improve employee retention. HR department are mostly responsible company programed to make advance future facilities and development. HR department processes are in several type of function, time management, travelling management, workforce planning and recruitment. division of human resource is responsible for monitoring effectiven ess of agency or department recruitment and pickaxe procedure in accordance with applicable policies and law.The organization engages in strategic planning to keep itself for the future. Since section of the strategic planning the foundation for workforce planning, leaders are advised to start by creating or updated organization strategic planning to beginning the workforce planning process well. The important of strategic planning and developing public and non profit organization once looked at strategic planning as knowing strictly for the profit sector with goal of increasing sales and profit margins, improvement customer bliss and creating good efficiency. Strategic Strategic human resource managementVertical and horizontal alignment of corporate policies-A conceptual framework lanning can be defined to a clear current, mission and vision that are easy to communicated and understanding and ownership of the mission and vision in all parts of the organization and critical asse ssment of the environment in which the organization operate Analysis of internal environment analysis of external enviroment relation of countrys mission and strategic objectives HR objectives and strategic Function specific HR policies and practice Recruitment / retention / succession management Job evaluation/ Compensation reward issues Employee benefits / payroll Training amp development Result performance management amp labour relations (SECTION THREE ANSWER) The turn of the century has been increased focus on the same in organization globally.Many organizations have mandated grooming hours per year for employee keeping consideration the fact that technology is des killing the employee at a very fast rate. The training developing our administrators and staff are among the most important things. in this rapidly ever-changing environment, employees are constantly being called up on to learn new skill to work in new and different ways and to charge steerages at a moment notice. The quality of employees and their development through training and education are major factors in determining long term profitability of a small business. Human resource management is the function witin an organization that focuses on recruitment of management and providing education for the hoi polloi who work in the organization can also be performed by line managers.HRM is the organizational function that deals with issues related to flock such as compensation, hiring, performance management organization development safety wellness benefit employee motivation communication administrative and training. HRM a strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people and the workplace culture and environment. Effective HRM enables employees to contribute effectively and productively to the overall company direction and the accomplishment of the organizations goals and objectives . HRM is moving away from traditional personnel, administration, andtransitionalroles, which are inc reasingly outsourced. HRM is now expected to add value to the strategic utilization of employees and that employee programs match the business in measurable ways. The new role of HRM involves strategic direction and HRM metrics and measurements to demonstrate value.The HRM is arts and knowledge, the running needs supporter which called staffs and are human resource of the organization. HR can improve the level of management and execution. It is important during period of management. It is important to improving HRM in the grandeur of organization development. Human resources are the people that work for an organisation, and Human Resource Management is concerned with how these people are managed. However, the term Human Resource Management (HRM) has come to mean more than this because people are different from the other resources that work for an organisation. People have thoughts and feelings, aspirations and needs.The term HRM has thus come to mention to an approach, which take s into write up both 1. the needs of the organisation 2. the needs of its people. Different individuals have their own needs and aspirations. HRM therefore involves purpose out about the needs and aspirations of individual employees, for example through the appraisal process and then creating the opportunities within the organisation (e. g. through job enlargement) and outside the organisation (e. g. through taking up educational opportunities at local colleges/universities) for employees to improve themselves. HRM therefore relates to every aspect of the way in which the organisation interacts with its people, e. g. y providing training and development opportunities, appraisal to find out about individual needs.Opportunities and courses for individuals to develop skills, knowledge and attitudes that help the organization to achieve its objectives. Development the provision of opportunities and courses for individuals to develop skills, knowledge and attitudes that help themselve s to achieve personal objectives. Training and development needs analysis an analysis of the opportunities and experiences that are required for individuals to train and develop in order to meet organizational and personal objectives. A training and development plan can then be created to set out how these needs can be addressed in practical steps.Audi has developed a training and development programmed designed for technicians at the company. Technicians are appraised by their line managers to identify their personal training and development needs. They then work with professional consultants on development training activities as well as attendance relevant courses either at the Audi training center or on external courses. The technicians are able to use a multimedia based Training Needs Analysis tool that enables them to produce a Personal Development Plan automatically. A human resources training and development plan is a written document. Work with manager to identify trainin g and development needs and create a plan to address those needs.At many organizations, the human resources department provides a template for the plan that includes all of the obligatory information. somewhat organizations include training and development plan in annual review. According to the website Management Help, a training and development plan should include certain components. The first component is the training goal, which refers to the overall results that hope to achieve. The learning objectives describe what will be able to do as a result of the training. The learning methods are the activities that will do in order to achieve the objectives. The documentation refers to the evidence of learning activity.The evaluation assesses the quality of results. Before start, it should lso consider the necessary budget and set a timeline to complete to plan. The National Center for Training, Support and Technical Assistance states that training and developments plans focus on thr ee different types of learning gaps or needs. The most common are performance gaps, professional growth gaps and opportunity gaps. Performance gaps happen when a worker lacks the necessary skills to do his job. Professional growth gaps refer to more general skills that an employee would like to develop. Opportunity gaps refer to what an employee needs to learn in order to be promoted to a new position. To create a training and development plan, start by assessing your needs.At annual review or at another inhibit time, discuss with your manager the things that need to learn in order to do your job better. Also consider what would like to learn in order to prepare yourself for a promotion. After prefer the skills that would like to develop, consult with the human resources department to determine what types of training and development are available. They will help measure skills, select an appropriate training method, and establish the level of imporvement. Training and development programs have a positive impact on organizations. They increase job satisfaction, motivation and morale, which reduces employee turnover.A company with low employee turnover becomes more efficient and also saves significant money in the cost of hiring and training new employees. Consistent training also helps companies stay up to date with new technologies. Compaines may also keep past training and development plans on file to measure how much an employee improves Human resource departments typically conduct activities designed to train and develop company personnel, whether to address performance problems or help prepare an employee for a management role. In addition to formal training courses (such as instructor-led sessions, web-based training and seminars) should offer flexible alternatives such as coaching, mentoring and job-rotation experiences. growth employee capacity involves managing programs such as employee orientation sessions, policy and procedure awareness sessions, l eadership development workshops and other options designed to enable company (and employees) to succeed. Structure training and development department to support associates. Offer training opportunities to those who fail performance appraisals. Encourage employees to develop their professional skills by offering courses at work. Create executive leadership development programs to allow learning new skills necessary to take on management responsibilities. continue awareness sessions about new policies and procedures as well as to ensure compliance to local, state and national regulations. Develop customized training courses for employees. Cover specific details about business.Courses in communication, customer service, diversity, ethics, quality and safety typically allow people to function more effectively on the job. Focus on a particular topic such as cultural intelligence for a month at a time. Schedule related activities to promote awareness. Develop templates, job aids, demon strations and simulations to support employees in working in a consistent manner across company. Establishing a good image both within the company and with customers and business partners depends on a well-trained workforce. Provide access to training courses through a Learning Management musical arrangement (administrative software) so students can register and access training materials any time they need them.Ensure employees create an annual development plan to establish development objectives and focus learning on activities that align to companys strategic goals. Get executive sponsorship for any training initiative establish so that can procure the necessary funding and budget allocation required. Evaluate training and development programs to ensure they are meeting employee and company needs. Training and development opportunities typically lead to increased job satisfaction and motivation. Employee efficiencies result in functional cost savings and increased capacity, resu lting in company financial gains. Learning new technologies and techniques for getting work done also improves operational metrics. Training activities can also increase employee retention rates.

Strategic Research Project Essay Example for Free

Strategic Research Project EssayThis paper is about a strategical overview of Medtronic Inc. Medtronic is a global leader in checkup technology- alleviating pain, restoring health, and enlargeing life for people with chronic conditions some the world. Medtronic conducts championship in more than than 120 countries outgrowth and manufacturing a variety of crossings and therapies with emphasis on providing a release continuum of c argon to diagnose, prevent and monitor chronic conditions.Mission StatementThe mission record of Medtronic Inc. is to contribute to homophile welfare by application of biomedical engineering in the research, material body, make out, and sale of instruments or appliances that slake pain, cook health and extend life. It is obvious that Medtronic is meeting their mission statement. Medtronic is providing doctors with new therapy procedures through their research and discipline. Medtronic is able to design and modify medical devices that assist and meet the needs of physicians around the world. In addition, Medtronic is conducting business in more than 120 countries and focused on preserving the lives of individuals with medical needs and plagued with chronic health conditions. Medtronics mission statement is firmly preserved in all of its employees around the world that want to alleviate pain, restore health, and extend life. It is apparent that Medtronic has non lost focus as to their purpose by the assistance to nearly 6 million people benefiting from therapies each year. Porters analysis of competition for Medtronic Inc.Rivalry among competitorsMedtronic Inc. participates in the development, invent and marketing of medical devices. There are very few competitors in this field that include Johnson Johnson, Guidant Corp., St Jude and capital of Massachusetts Scientific Group. Medical devices that are developed cost a considerable amount of money and if they be possessed of to be recalled these costs stomach t o be gulled. These recalls are viewed by competitors as an opportunity to move in a particular direction in medical device development. Because of the threats from competitors and their debatable actions dispute resolutions often giveto court rooms for litigation to determine rights to patents. This often leads to the delay in product development and an amplify in costs associated court determinations.Potential entry of new competitorsThere are several obstacles that competitors pass on have to overcome in in the development, manufacture and marketing of medical devices. First, The Food and Drug ecesis regulations are very specific and detailed. A competitor attempting FDA benediction should expect a lengthy approval process. Once an approval is obtained they are not covered against product recalls that can cost a roofy of money. Furthermore, recalls can tarnish the reputation of the company leading to a loss in consumer confidence. Secondly, the design and manufacture of med ical products will require a solid understanding of the management of high end technologies. Next, competitors incoming the market will spend a lot of money in the Research and evolution in an economy where few companies willing to invest.Potential development of substitutes productsMedical devices are considered a minimally invasive form of treatment and are considered a substitute for more invasive treatment procedures used in the past. Medtronic has several departments all on the job(p) on product reaps and are susceptible to other companies developing kindred devices with the same purpose. This drives certain secureness when new procedures and equipment are developed preventing a competitor from knowledge and profit.dicker power of suppliersJust as the electronic industry, medical device makers send their work to a festering industry of contract manufacturers. These manufacturers do not have a lot of bargaining power repayable to the low customization of their work. The device makers do not rely on one manufacturer and can slow find another. This tactic enables device makers to enshroud with speed-to-market and the cost associated with closing plants and laying off employees. There is not an estimated increase to the bargaining power of the suppliers because new companies are not likely to develop products overseas collect to the trouble in changing contracts to foreign manufactures.Bargaining power of consumersSome hospitals organize and group in concert to lower costs. These enables more bargaining power over the suppliers due to their collective size. This causes competitors have also to deal with the final payers that are sometimes the insurance company that try to minimize their costs and ascertain the oddball of patient care. Even if the buyers are not directly the doctors, the suppliers have to target them since they are advisers providing influence to the termination process. This gives tremendous bargaining power over the suppliers o f medical devices enabling better competition and ability to absorb the blackmails of the t healthcare system.Intensive Strategy of MedtronicMedtronic has seven main divisions and combines operations into a single operating(a) segment.Market PenetrationMedtronics market penetration in solidified in the Cardiac musical rhythm Disease Management division where it is the worlds leading supplier of pacemakers. In addition, Medtronics holds over 50% Implantable Cardiac Rhythm Devices (ICD) Market share which contributes to 25% of Medtronics overall sales.Market emergenceMedtronic is continually moving toward innovation through their pursuit to develop markets in bowls of healthcare distribution and treatments. They are have collaborative partnerships, product development and are pilots of new business models in several developing countries. Eli Lilly Company have partnered together in the field of Drug Delivery systems. Together they are working to develop treatments for Parkinsons and Huntingtons diseases. They are engineering implantable pumps that allow the delivery of drugs directly to a targeted area of the brain bypassing the blood-brain barrier that restricts drug therapy for these diseases.Medtronic is also collaborating with Ford Motor Company to develop and integrate medical technology with the Sync in-car system. This mobile health monitoring system will monitor chronic liveliness conditions, diabetes and transmit alerts if a driver health puts them in danger. Medtronic is also leading numerous cities and hospitals in India increase patient access to cardiac therapy and improve awareness through health promotions. Through these initiatives Medtronic has assisted in the developed a tiered service and financingprogram provides affordable health care.Product DevelopmentMedtronic has always led the way with many technologies and product lines, as shown with the first pacemaker in 1957. Medtronic has pick out indemnity that phases out its own product s to make way for newer developments. Medtronic has a solid process of innovation ameliorate their own products. This is accomplished by utilizing computer aided design systems that allow for an 80% reduction in the time required model complex designs and a 90% reduction in required issue time. Medtronics product development reaches into marketing approaches in the areas of technical support, customer education initiatives and product line expansion and bundling. Collectively, this provides the motivation of lowering costs for product and process improvement.SWOT Analysis of Medtronic Inc.Medtronic intermeshed in engineering a range of medical devices and therapies. They have a large portfolio that is used to enhance its influence and market share. However, current and future health care policy changes may have a forbid effect on the company.STRENGTH WEAKNESSES Diverse portfolio protecting risks- Strong Focus on RD capabilities- Product Innovation- world-wide presence with stab le revenues Issues with manufactured products and recalls reduce credibility of companyOPPORTUNITIES THREATS Global acquisitions prospects- Growth in rising markets- Future product lines increase revenue and market share- positive demographics toward healthcare spending Intense industrial competition in medical devices that affect share of market- Non-compliance with rules relating to reimbursement and regulation of healthcare services- Changing healthcare policies have negative affect on companyStrengthsAs a result of having a diverse product portfolio, Medtronic has a diversified stream of revenues and not heavily dependent on one particular business. For instance, during FY2011, the cardiac rhythm diseasemanagement contributed 31.4% of the total revenues of the company, spinal (21.4%), cardiovascular (19.5%), neuromodulator (10.0%), diabetes (8.5%), surgical technologies (6.5%).WeaknessIn July 2011, Medtronic recalled its SynchroMed II implantable infusion pump because it had reduced battery performance. This recall if not corrected could lead life sonorous withdraw symptoms to patients with these pumps.OpportunitiesMedtronic has a good track record of acquisitions. In January 2011, the company acquired Ardian, a privately-held company engaged in developing catheter-based therapies to treat hypertension and related conditions. This acquisition augmented Medtronics existing interventional therapies.Emerging markets are set to become the chronic disease centers of the world. By 2015, China and India will be the largest cardiac markets, and by 2017, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India will increase to more than 60 million cases from 28 million cases in 2007. To exploit the growth opportunities in these markets, Medtronic is expanding its presence by building distribution, training, education, and other healthcare infrastructure needed to ensure greater access to its products and therapies.ThreatsMedtronic is competitive in more than 120 countries ar ound the world and encounters opposition from various product lines and markets that similar products are sold. Major competitors from Boston Scientific, St. Jude Medical, Johnson Johnson, and Abbott Laboratories add pressure to areas of product reliability, performance, quality, and price.US Department of Health and Human Services along with foreign governments regulate the devices produced and health services provided by Medtronic to ensure the cost and quality. Recent US health care legislation and policy changes re aimed at controlling costs and limit the amount that Medtronic can charge for medical devices and therapies. This is evident when,President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable bid Act and the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act imposing new taxes on medical device makers.ConclusionMedtronic is a world leader in medical technology- alleviating pain, restoring health, and extending life for people with chronic conditions. Medtronic with its relentless pursuit to put to work affordable healthcare through therapy and medical devices should continue with current strategies. Over the next five years, it is honest for Medtronic to further explore emerging markets bringing innovative ideas to healthcare officials. Continuance in research and development will continue to reform traditional healthcare with micro-sized implant devices. Continued mission focus to alleviate pain, restore health, and extend life will further propel Medtronic as a medical development leader.

Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay Example for Free

Phobias and Addiction Paper EssayA phobic disorder is a learned bodily solution in reference to a difficult life event. center on in the amygdala portion of the brain which regulates the fight or flight response, a somatic common sense of concern keeps in the strawman of specific stimuli. The precipitating factor may have been experienced by the person themselves-or may have been experienced secondhand through misfortune that may have occurred to a friend or loved on. In some shields, a phobic neurosis may have no discernible cause or may appear irrational-to every(prenominal)one but the person experiencing itPhobic re saves or symptoms of anxiety can include a racing heart, sweaty palms, an upset stomach and a general feeling of unease. classical learn is a response that is triggered by an outside stimulus-or the thought of such stimulus. The perfect example is the Pavlovian response-in which Pavlov would ring a bell before dinnertime and his dogs would salivate. Ov er time, he extinguished the presence of the solid food yet kept the ringing of the bell. The dogs still salivated-at the idea of food coming, a basic bodily response to the suggestion of a specific stimulus.This is commonly referred to as a Pavlovian response. Classical teach has dickens components to it-the acquisition stage and the extinction phase. In the acquisition stage, the initial learned response is obtained. For example, in the case of a phobia-a person may break out in a cold sweat presence of crossing a bridge as he drives. In the extinction phase, the bridge may non be present but the memory of it may be present-enough to still cause the phobic reaction. Thus, alone thinking about a stimulus, even when it is extinct, can still bring on the uniform phobic response.The phobic response, therefore, is strengthened each time it is felt. The stimulus-present or not-extinct or not-become fused together in the persons mind. The phobia sufferer then will go to great lengt hs to avoid the stimulus at any cost. The phobia then worsens as he avoids facing his fears head on. This is how classical conditioning can increase the metier of a phobia. Addictions argon defined as a persistent appearanceal pattern that is marked by physical and/or psychological dependency on someone or something.Addictions became an issue in the treatment milieu when they significantly disrupt the life of the addicted individual. Terminology has become quite complicated. Those individuals from a medical background define addiction from a physiologic basis. For example-opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine argon classical examples of those substances, which cause a physical dependence. On a lesser scale, there are those items that can cause a physiological dependence, as evidenced by changes in the neurotransmitters in the brain-some examples would be over the counter nasal sprays or laxatives.Psychological addictions can be defined within the context of a slippery slope- there are as many addictions as there are specialists to treat them. (Evidence the most recent news of the embarrassment of celebrities being treated for sex addiction. ) Some examples of area in which psychological addiction may occur include the following-shopping, pornography, eating, exercise and self injury. There is a physiologic reward, however, as the object of the habit-forming persons fear -akathe reward activates the pleasure enter of the brain-emitting dopamine.Therefore, the addictive behavior is rewarded with a rush of dopamine to the person move in the behavior. Operant conditioning is the use of terminations to form or shape a behavior. There are three main components relevant to operative conditioning. First, there is the aspect of reinforcement-this basically applies to a consequence that causes the addictive behavior to occur with greater frequency. An example of this would be as follows- An individual is consumed with shopping.They scour the news every day to find out where the sales will be taking place they belong to a network of people that trade shopping information relevant to their area of interest. Then the day comes and they defecate the purchase. This act reinforces their addiction with a momentary high (that is usually short lived. ) Second, the aspect of punishment-a consequence that makes an action occur, less frequently-comes into play. When an addictive urge is felt, and the in demand(p) object is taken away (i. e. the punishment) the urge to obtain the desired rush still exists-albeit even stronger. The person then works harder to obtain the drug, the act, and the food-whatever the addiction is. In this way, the operant conditioning aspect of punishment reinforces and addiction. Third, there is the element of extinction. extermination occurs when there is a lack of consequence following a behavior-good or bad. An individual who is wantonly exhibiting a sexual addiction while in a serious relationshi p-lets take that as an example. Without being caught, there is no consequence.The addictive behavior continues unchecked. It is reinforced. I have exemplified the ways in which operant conditioning can develop and maintain addictive behavior. The difference between classical and operant conditioning is as follows very succinctly put, classical conditioning forms a relationship between two stimuli-for example, one thinks of/or sees a chocolate cake, the salivary glands set forth to work Operant conditioning forms a relationship between a stimuli and a consequence. You touch the stave while its on, you get burnt.Bet you wont do that again-a relationship is formed on the basis of a negative consequence. Conversely, the consequence can also be positive. Example-you do your homework on time and as assigned, you get a good grade, a positive consequence has occurred, which will (hopefully) shape future behaviors. Extinction is achieved through the gradual phasing out of reward in operant conditioning, while hoping to still achieve the same behavior. Example, one has been rewarded with a good driver award after years of possessing a great impulsive record.With the extinction of this positive consequence (i. e. no reward)-one would hope that the good driving habits would continue. In classical conditioning, I will present an example-if we ring a bell and cause a dog we have a conditioned stimulus-however if we keep ringing that bell without giving the dog any food (an unconditioned stimulus) at last the dog will unlearn his conditioned response. Extinction has then occurred. In summation, extinction is operant conditioning relates to the phasing out of consequence in classical conditioning it is the phasing out of response.

Essay on Mr Pip and Hamlet - Thirst for Power Essay Example for Free

Essay on Mr slash and juncture Thirst for Power EssayMany people want to have a stilt of great designer, but what is often forgotten is that with great motive comes great responsibilities. Sadly these responsibilities atomic number 18 not invariably follown. A thirst for danger can make someone a danger to others. The two industrial plant in which this is proven and that will be discussed are the unused Mister Pip, written by the novelist Lloyd Jones in 2006 and the defend small town, written by the playwright William Shakespeare in 1602. Whenever people want to be seen as being to a greater extent effectful they become a danger to others. In the novel Mister Pip the mother of the protagonist, called Dolores, wants more power over her Matildas life.She believes that mister Watts, Matildas teacher and the only white man left on the island, has a bigger influence on Matildas life. This is the reason why she steals the novel, Great Expectations written by the novelis t Charles Dickens, which Mr. Watts has been discussing and recital with his class. This is a very dangerous act, since the Redskins, who took the power over the Solomon islands , want to see the novel as a prove of the non-existence of mister Pip. In the play Hamlet Ophelias brother Laertes seeks for more power and respect from Claudius specially after his father was killed by Hamlet.By wanting this he becomes a danger to others. He wants strike back on Hamlet and plans, together with Claudius on killing him. By this he becomes a danger to unexampled Hamlet. Political power is a reason for people to become a danger to others. In the showtime of the play Hamlet young Fortinbras plans on attacking Nor sort, because he wants more political power. In this sort he becomes a danger to Norway, but also to his people because this could start a war. In the novel Mister Pip the redskins have the political power over the Solomon Islands. They formed a danger to the inhabitants of this isl ands.When they took over power they started a war between the redskins and the rebels, which caused a lot of deaths. hatful who want to take over power are very dangerous to others. In the play Hamlet, Claudius, old Hamlets brother, kills old Hamlet because he wants the power over the country. Furthermore he plans on killing young Hamlet, since young Hamlet is against Claudius haveng this power. Claudius becomes a danger to others by trying to kill them because he wants power. In the novel Mister Pip the rebels, who are against the red skins who took over power, want to take their power back.They are a danger to others since they get inebriate on jungle-juice every night to handle the pressure and they rape women on the island. Their needs and will to take the power over the Solomon islands back are a danger to the people living on the islands. People who have a thirst for power are dangerous to others. When they want to take over power or become more powerful this can cause them t o act in a way that is dangerous for others. This is clearlt shown in the two works studied, the novel Mister Pip and the play Hamlet.

Modern World History Essay Example for Free

Modern World History EssayThe children had very diverse reactions to the policy of evacuation. They each had a lot of different experiences. Some care it and matt-up as if it was an adventure for them, everything was new to them so they enjoyed it especially the ones who lived with wealthy hosts, some did not want to leave. It was like a holiday. But for these children some felt scared and didnt like the change, for example this is Source I, taken from the Modern World History Heinemann textbook varlet 138, Everything was so clean in the room. We were given face flannels and tooth brushes. Wed never cleaned out teeth until then.And warming water came from the tap. And t present was a lavatory upstairs. And carpets. And clean sheets. This was all very odd. I didnt like it. It was scary. This shows arduous and weird it must have been for the children, all the changes would be very confusing. It was even worse though for the children who were mistreated, here is Source M fro m the same book and page. Clarence and I utilise to sleep together and poor Clarence used to smashed the bed because he was a very nervous kid. She (the foster mother) could never tell whod make it so she used to bash the daylights out of both of us.So, of course, the more Clarence got hit the more he wet the bed. It was then we started to get locked in the cupboard. This source tells us how hard it must have been for children like Clarence. maiden of all they leave their family behind, leave the city they grow up in and dont know what to expect only when that it would be safer than the cities. Then they end up getting beaten by the foster parents. They would feel frightened and would probably wish they had never moved. It would also be very hard for children as they would miss their family and for olive-sized kids of about 5 and 6 it would be even harder.They would feel lost and not know what to do. For the mothers and fathers it would be probably be a sad experience lettin g your children go and live with strangers. You only knew that your children would be safer than in the city and hopefully wouldnt be killed. You yourself wouldnt know what to expect and would probably fear the worst. All you knew was that you had a job to do in the war and had to work hard. You didnt know who you children were staying with or what they were like so it would be a traumatic experience for the parents as well as the kids.Only mums with babies were allowed to evacuate out of the cities with them differently they had to work. But at least you knew you were doing your bit and hopefully the hard work would take your mind eat up things and stop you from worrying. The parents knew the policy was a good idea but probably still had their doubts about it. other reaction was from the emergency services. They seemed to like it. It gave them a lot more time to concentrate on the war and big things rather than having little kids causing trouble.They liked the situation and it h elped them out a lot which was other reason why the evacuation itself took place. There was a lot less(prenominal) people in the cities, less crimes, fires etc. which made their job a lot easier which Im sure they appreciated. They definitely liked the policy. So this shows the different reactions about the policy. There were a lot of mixed opinions on whether it was good or not. Some liked it some didnt, but in my opinion it was a good thing but maybe if I was there I might have a different reaction to it.

Invisible Saviour Siblings Essay Example for Free

Invisible Saviour Siblings EssayThe philosopher Immanuel Kant said Treat others as an finale and non as means to an end. People need to value others for themselves rather than for what they can achieve by the means of them. The idea of selecting an embryo, conceived by IVF, which will become a fry that can donate for an of age(p) sibling suffering from a genetic disease, has created a difficult moral dilemma. Concerns over the creation of what are called savoir siblings are specifically created to help an brisk kid. In the novel My Sisters Keeper by Jodi Picoult there is a girl named Anna who was brought in to this world for the end to save her sister Kate.Anna suggests that age her order of coming into the world is not conventional, since most babies born are un indispensablenessed she at least was a wanted kidskin. But she is wanted as a product, as a medical treatment, as a donor. Anna came to a decision that she wanted to stop donating to her sister, so she st arts a lawsuit for medical emancipation the rightly to control her own body. The child is used as something instrumental and has a welcome that is far from creation unconditional. Even the label savoir is a misnomer. When we speak of a savoir we refer to someone who has made an active woof to donate.The child n ever so has a pick. When a bounty occurs it will have breedinglong personal effects on the body. The possible psychological problem the child will have from being a messiah sibling. The parents do not think about the saviour child in the terms of an individual. The parents need to realize that there is a line that separates the value of preserving life and the costs of the choice of life. When a child is born it is up to the parents to make the decisions for them, that what if the parents are not focus on that child?It is their zeal to make things damp for their dreary child, only the parents have forgotten that their donor child is a person with savourings, no t a something just to pick at when needed. In the case of babies who are selected as a source of cells, the deliverer is passive and is treated as a product. The choices being made about donation is not nonetheless being discussed about. Anna is not rase being asked about what she wants to do, You make it sound akin theres some process involved. Like theres actually a choice. (192) the parents are deciding what is for the best.They do not even consult with Anna about how she feels about everything. Anna had to quit hockey because she was missing two m any another(prenominal) games, besides the only spring why she was missing games was that she had to be there when Kate might need something. Her choice to play hockey was taken away from her and no one in her family even cared. They did not even notice when she started to play hockey, so why would they notice when she stopped. There is a big chance that the family would not even listen to Anna if she would have said that she d oes not want to continue being the donor.The doctors do not ever consult with Anna about what she wanted to do they only talked to the parents. They never let Anna make her choice. She was brought in this world as a savior sibling, but it did not mean to make her sacrifice her altogether life. The use of savior siblings have raised the issue of the possibility of psychological trauma that the created sibling may suffer from erudite that they was created partly for reasons of imposed selflessness. The child could feel as if they had been used. The donor sibling would feel that they were around to provide spare parts, and were not valued for who they are.Remember the adolescent cry I did not ask to be born and add to it the accusation that the parents only had them to save their siblings life. The moment the child is brought in to this world they have a job to perform. How the parents treat Anna makes her feel like her only character in life is to help heal Kate. With these feeli ngs it makes her think about what if Kate was not unrelenting, It made me wonder, though, what would have happened if Kate had been healthy. Chances are, Id still be floating up in Heaven or wherever, waiting to be attached to a body to spend some time on Earth (08).If Kate was healthy would the parents ever thought about having a third child. The parents once said that their family was complete with two children each child favored a parent. Anna has matured faster than any child her age, because from the start of her life she was not full allowed to be a child. She learnt early on that Kate was the main focus and everything else became second. Growing up is hard enough, but when there is question on ones existence it can have serious emotional effects. The child becomes disconnected in their quest for their own identity.Furthermore, if the treatment of the sick child is unsuccessful, their death can be oftentimes harder for the savior sibling, as they may feel as if they have fa iled. The child would have to go by dint of the rest of their life feeling guiltily about not saving their sibling life. Donating an organ is not as simple as it sounds. The donor of the organ has to deal with limitations on their life. In the novel Anna is being pressured by her mother to donate her kidney to her sister Kate. Her mother does not think about the after effects of the performance.Anna loves to play hockey, but donating her kidney will stop here from playing. Kidney organ donors should not participate in tangible activity that could damage their other kidney. Annas mother Sara only concern is Kate, so when Anna wanted to go to Hockey camp her mother said no. Her mother is not caring for what Anna wants Not because I am afraid of what might to Anna there, but because I am afraid of what might happen to Kate while her sister is gone. If Kate survives this latest relapse.. we will need Anna-her blood, her stem cells, her tissue-right here. (269), she wanted Anna to be where she needed her.If Anna did go through with the surgery something could go wrong, but does her parents ever does comprehend it. If there were no complications with any of these procedures, the savior sibling would still stay in the hospital with stress and pain which they are not gaining any type of personal benefit. The mother will be so worried about Kate after the surgery she will be by her side and not by Annas. The parents should not make an organ donation decision. It has to be Annas choice.Going through with a kidney donation, she would lose some quality of her life. While there is potential harm, it is not without potential benefits to the saviour sibling. The donor child might derive pleasure from bashing that he or she has saved his or her siblings life and would benefit from the saved childs company. In this respect, it is appropriate to consider the welfare of the donor child within the context of the family since his or her social, emotional and psychological inte rests depend on the welfare of the childs family.Saving the life of the existing sibling is also in his or her best interests. This will ensure a happier family (e. g. no suffer parents) from which the donor child would benefit. There are benefits to the child, but if the child is born and the commute is made but is unsuccessful, what comes of the family at that transport? The donor child would feel that they have fail in their job in helping to keep their sibling alive. If the transplant was successful, there is no time frame for a savior sibling to stop providing transplants for their older sibling.The donor sibling could chose not to donate later in life or chose to no longer accept the role of saviour for which they were originally conceived. The parents might not like that they brought this child in to this world for a certain purpose, but now the child does not want to donate anymore. The savior child would have no support from their family. They would feel that they had on ly one purpose to save their sibling. Parents have more choices than ever before and they need to use every resource on tap(predicate) to protect the health of their children, but there is a line that should not be crossed.There are potential harmful psychological effects on a child born not for itself, but to save another. If conception of saviour siblings for the donation of cord blood stem cells is permitted, what is to stop donation end there. There may be an inevitable situation where the donor child will be judge to donate bone marrow in the event that the umbilical cord stem cell transplant fails or the sick sibling relapses and requires further treatment.If the child is under age, then the parents decide the choice for them and of figure they would have the savior child donate whatever the sick child needs. Parents are blinded from sightedness what is in the best interest for both of their children. The only thing that is on their mind is to save their sick child. If th ere is no benefit at all to the created saviour child, it appears hard to justify that it is humane and proper to use them to save the life of a sibling.Every parent has to seriously decide the point at which they will halt their efforts to save their sick child regardless of the potential outcome. There comes a point when people have to realize there is nothing they can do. The parents get so consumed in the whole process and the emotions involved in saving your sick child that they may lose the ability to know when to stop. Despite how gut-wrenching it may be, they have to stop, not only for the sake of their other children, but for the sake of their sick child.They should have to realize that there comes a point when vigilance becomes obsession and good intentions get misrepresent and bastardized to the point that they do more harm than good. People should to write to President to have him flummox regulations on the use of Genetic technology for creation of savoir siblings. A savior sibling cannot lose their quality of life just because they were conceived with the weight of the family on their shoulders. The child should not go through life suffering, for the reason that she was conceived to help heal their sick sibling.

World Conservation Union Essay Example for Free

World Conservation Union EssayUNESCO is an internationalist organization being a specialized agency of the United Nations. UNESCO was established in 1945 and their goal is to contribute and assist security and peace. Actually, UNESCO promotes international collaboration in the spheres of science, education and culture to achieve universal respect for promoting human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is required to outline that the organization has five major programs (procedures) natural sciences, education, communication and information technologies, human and socials sciences and, finally, culture.UNESCO is assisted by government activity funds as well as by public and private suspensors, donations, etc. UNESCO is the sponsor of projects that involve teacher-training programs, literacy questions and international science programs. Special attention is paid to promotion of freedom of press, independent media, heathenish history, cultural transmutation, international coo peration, natural heritage, human rights and world-wide digital divide. Apparently, the organization has strong political support in all European and some Asian countries.The World Conservation Union is an international organization relations with conservation of natural resources. This organization was founded in 1948 and nowadays brings together more than 80 states and hundred government agencies from countries around the world. The goals of the organization are to affect, to assist and to stimulate societies of the world to protect and to conserve natural diversity and integrity to fork up guidance of natural resource and re-assure that any of them is ecologically sustainable.The main policies are to provide guidance and technical support to UN organizations, international conventions and governments as well as to G8 to assist in development of new sites for natural conservation to contribute to natural biodiversity strategies an plans to ensure technical support for environme ntal laws aimed at protection of natural resources, etc. Therefore, organization is funded by governments and private sponsors.ReferencesThe World Conservation Union an hamper to Care for the Earth. (1994, February). Retrieved January 18, 2007, from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1994_Feb/ai_15630441 Official Website of UNESCO. Retrieved January 18, 2007, from http//portal. unesco. org/en/ev. php-URL_ID=29008URL_DO=DO_TOPICURL_SECTION=201. html What is the World Conservation Union. Retrieved January 18, 2007, from http//www. iucn. org/en/about/

Ethnic Literature Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Literature EssayThe term pagan when in conjunction with the r altogetherying cry books in the academic discourse community of students, often brings out mixed feelings of excitement and dread. On the one hand, students understand that they will be getting away from the tail assemblyonical Ameri open fire publications which can equal boring in their eyes on the other hand, students interpret the term ethnic literary productions to mean distinctive which can equal confusing or ambiguous and perhaps at propagation not relatable because it is outside their scope of experiences. Perhaps before jumping into why it matters, the term ethnic literature should be defined first and because I am tranquillize learning how to interpret this term myself, I searched for a suitable one I could agree with. I found one in an bind entitled Assessing Teachers Knowledge of Multi-Ethnic Literature, and the article actually used another source themselves to obtain up with a workable , laymans translation. Ethnic literature as defined by D.E. Norton (as the articles source) is, Literature around racial or ethnic minority groups that argon culturally and socially unalike from the white Anglo-Saxon majority in the United States, whose largely middle-class values and custom are most represented in American literature (qtd. in Hager Thompson 22). I think this definition works well to define what ethnic literature is on a surface aim, but the more than I dig in, I feel that this idea goes much deeper.I asked myself, who can write slightly ethnic literature? Can anyone just pick up a pen so to direct and tell a story about a young Japanese boy, or a Latino family? Can an African-American writer write about Hispanic or Chinese people and make it is ethnic literature? And the answer to myself is no. Why? Because unless that African-American has been submersed in the Hispanic or Japanese culture from the time of childhood, how are they going to capture the ver y essence of being, thinking, and living casual in that culture? And even if that African-American had, they would still most likely have a disagreeent perspective from the average Hispanic or Chinese person because of being different themselves (i.e black) and perhaps are treated different by the community at large which corrupts the normal cultural thinking.At this deeper level I am trying to get at, I find John M. Reillys article reproof of Ethnic Literature Seeing the Whole Story helpful in acquiring this. He states that, the assumption of ethnicity in literature can be made only through a procedure by which the writer resolves formal problems what moves from recognition of identity to creation of a strategy for handling reality still is not literature until the individual author sustains her or his ethnic identity through a rate of formal choices (4). I am interpreting this to mean that as a reader of this literature, I should get hold and feel throughout the story (perhap s subtlety) that in some way, the characters mindset (and perhaps actions) in the story differ from my own specifically because of the culture they have grown up in in, which has shaped that characters thinking.There are thoughts and feelings ideas, I dont understand without further explanation from the author, which is sometimes provided, and sometimes not. An example of this is in Brando Skyhorses novel The Madonnas of Echo Park, I find myself wondering what the moment of the jacaranda trees mentioned in different recesss of the book. Looking up what they are, it be fall downs apparent to me as jacaranda trees are natural to Central America roots back to their homeland. The blossoms from the trees fall and are scattered everywhere. Felicia in chapter 2 states that theres no way getting away from them (25). Basically meaning, you cannot escape who you are and where you come from. I would not have understood this had I not explored the history of that tree to uncover the sign ificance in the book.Another example is in Seventeen Syllables in the story Seventeen Syllables. The story about a Japanese family is easy to read, but is hard to connect with as I dont share the same philosophies about a womans place in the Japanese culture. A specific instance in the story was when Mrs. Hayashi, Rosies mother received her the first place awarding for her stellar Haiku. When the man from the newspaper presented her with a package, Mrs.Hayashi, stating she knew it was unorthodox, asked if she might open it because she was very curious. (Yamamoto 17). At this point, I am thinking to myself, I dont get it why wouldnt she open it? but upon reflection, I considered the patriarchal society that is dominant in this culture, and perhaps it is the wifes obligation to consult or have the husband open the gift, even if it is not specifically for him.Yet another example is in Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz. To come specifically to the point, I do not understand this idea of why it i s understood that Dominican men are supposed to be these manly men that women flock to and fall on their knees for. That the sexual appetite along with innate sense of charisma from Dominican men is expected, and when its lacking, it doesnt go unnoticed. Anywhere else his triple-zero batting average with the ladies might have passed without comment, but this is a Dominican shaver were talking about, in a Dominican family dude was supposed to have Atomic direct G, was supposed to be pulling in the bitches with both hands (24). Why is this idea so indoctrinated in this culture according to the book? This is perhaps something I will never understand, except that it is a part of their culture.All of these examples are all good and well, but the important question is why is ethnic literature important? What can be gained from reading it? From a most basic viewpoint, it is a highly good vehicle for helping people understand themselves and the world around them. Thompson and Hager in th eir article state that, multiethnic literature mirrors and validates the experiences for minority groups and juxtaposes the familiar with the less familiar for mainstream children (22).In other words, through reading ethnic literature, readers can find ways to connect with others around them that are different. The article also states that when readers are undefendable to divergent thoughts, language patterns, value systems, and different ways of living, that it can open up awareness about others and create compassion and understanding towards them that might not have happened without the literary exposure (23).To sum it all up, I will never argue against the instruction of ethnic literature in the school setting. In fact, I think teaching it should begin right from the beginning in kindergarten, and perhaps one sidereal day we wont need the designated term ethnic literature perhaps one day it can just be American Literature and part of the regular American canon of literature.W orks CitedDiaz, Junot. The brief and Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. New York Penguin, 2007. Print.Reilly, John. M. Criticism of Ethnic Literature Seeing the Whole Story. censorious Approaches to EthnicLiterature. 5.1 (1978) 2-13. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.Skyhorse, Brando. The Madonnas of Echo Park. New York Free Press, 2010. Print.Thompson, Deborah L. and Jane Meeks Hager. Assessing Teachers Knowledge of Multi-EthnicLiterature. Yearbook of the American Reading Forum. 1990. 21-29. Web. 21 Apr. 2012.Yamamoto, Hisaye. Seventeen Syllables. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 2001. Print.