Self-healing Materials and Shape Memory Polymers

Self-mend Materials and Shape Memory PolymersTopic Area self-healing materials, material body recollection polymers and flash retardant polymers acclivitous Polymer materials Md Hossion ShovonIntroductionThe ability of a tribe to harness nature as thoroughly as its ability to cope up with the challenges posed by it is determined by its complete association of materials and its ability to develop and produce them for various activitys. Advanced Materials ar at the heart of umpteen technological developments that touch our lives. Electronic materials for communication and development technology, optical fibers, laser fibers sensors for the intelligent environment, energy materials for renewable energy and environment, brightness level alloys for better transportation, materials for strategic applications and much. Advanced materials take a shit a wider role to frolic in the upcoming future years because of its multiple uses and lot be of a greater help for whole human ity. Emerging technologies argon those good innovations which represent progressive developments within a field for competitive advantage. proclivity of currently emerge technologies, which contains nearly of the most prominent ongoing developments, advances, and Materials learning and Nanotechnology Innovations atomic number 18 Graphene, Fullerene, Conductive Polymers, Metamaterials, Nanomaterials carbon nanotubes, Superalloy, Lithium-ion batteries, etc. Over the last decade, suffer polymeric materials have been used in biochemical sciences in many ways. Since the term, smart polymeric materials encompasses a wide spectrum of different compounds with unique probable for biological applications,Self-healing Polymers Self-healing polymers are a new class of smart materials that have the capability to repair themselves when they are damaged with out(p) the indispensableness for detection or repair by manual intervention of any kind. Increasing fill for petroleum feedstocks used to produce polymer and the need for polymeric materials with improved act in challenging applications continue to drive the need for materials with all-embracing lifetimes. superstar way to fail the lifetime of a material is to mitigate the appliance leading to failure. In brittle polymers, failure occurs finished twirl brass and extension (1,2) and the ability to repair these cracks when they are save very secondary will prevent further propagation thus extending the lifetime of the material. Emerging self-healing technologies designed to give polymeric materials the capability to arrest crack propagation at an early stage thereby preventing catastrophic failures will go a long way in helping to increase the scene of applications of these materials. With the need for autonomic repair of materials without external intervention thus evident, more(prenominal) recent research has focused on development fully self-healing systems. angiotensin-converting enzyme approa ch to the design of much(prenominal) systems employs the compartmentalization of a reactive healing agent, which is then incorporated into a composite material. Thus, when a crack propagates through the material, it causes the release of the healing agent from the compartment in which it is stored into the crack plane where it solidifies and repairs the material.The commencement exercise basic application of this approach consisted of an epoxy matrix with suspended spy frappe capillaries filled with either cyanoacrylate or a two-part epoxy resin. When a crack propagated through the cured epoxy matrix, the glass capillaries were fractured and the cyanoacrylate monomer or the two-part epoxy in general referred to as healing agents, were released into the crack plane where they reacted and polymerized. A signifi fecal mattert retrieval of the mechanical properties of the samples later on they were al humbleded to heal suggests that the cracked material was effectively repaired by the polymerized healing agent. Since the healing requires only crack propagation as the cancel for the healing mechanism, it represents a truly autonomic or self-healing material. While a successful demonstration of self-healing, the labor-intensive do of manually filling capillaries and distri plainlying them equally throughout the matrix make this approach unsuitable for scale-up.Shape- store PolymersShape-memory polymers are an emerging class of active polymers that have the dual- fig capability. They can change their shape in a predefined way from shape A to shape B when undefended to an appropriate stimulus. While shape B is given by the sign treating step, shape A is determined by applying a process called programming. The shape-memory research was initially gear uped on the thermally induced dual-shape effect. This concept has been extended to other stimuli by either indirect thermal actuation or direct actuation by addressing stimuli-sensitive companys on the molecu lar level. Finally, polymers are introduced that can be multifunctional. Besides their dual-shape capability, these active materials are biofunctional or biodegradable. Potential applications for much(prenominal) materials as active medical devices are highlighted. Shape-memory polymers are dual-shape materials belonging to the group of actively moving polymers. They can actively change from a shape A to a shape B. Shape A is a temp shape that is sustained by mechanical deorganization and subsequent fixation of that deformation. This process to a fault determines the change of shape shift, resulting in shape B, which is the permanent shape. In shape-memory polymers reported so far, heat or light has been used as the stimulus. Using irradiation with infrared light, application of electric fields, alternating magnetized fields, or immersion in water, indirect actuation of the shape memory effect has also been realized. The shape-memory effect only relies on the molecular computer architecture and does not require a specific chemical structure in the repeating units. in that respectfore, intrinsic material properties, e.g. mechanical properties, can be familiarized to the need of specific applications by variation of molecular parameters, such as the type of monomer or the comonomer ratio.An employment of a cross-linked polymer net live synthesized by poly attachment of monofunctional monomers with low molecular weight or oligomeric cross-linkers has been realized in polyurethanes by the supplement of trimethyl owl to the reaction mixture.The reaction of tetra-functional silanes, working as net points, with oligomeric silanes, which work as spacers and to which two distinct benzoate- ground mesogenic groups have been attached, results in a formation of a main-chain smectic-C elastomer38. In contrast to other fluid-crystalline elastomers, which display a shape-changing conduct and have been compared to shape-memory polymers recently, these elastomers hav e shape-memory properties. The cross-linking process during synthesis defines the permanent shape. The shape-memory effect is triggered by the thermal passage of the liquid-crystalline domains. In the programming process, the polymer network is heated to the identical state of the liquid crystalline domains, stretched or twisted, and then cooled below the clearing transition temperature of the smectic-C mesogens. Upon reheating over this clearing transition, the permanent shape can be recovered. In contrast to shape-changing liquid crystalline elastomer systems, these polymers display shape-memory behavior because the liquid crystalline moieties work as a switch. In shape-changing liquid-crystalline elastomers, the molecular figurehead of the single liquid crystals is converted into a macroscopic movement some other class of thermoplastic shape memory polymers with Trans = Tg are polyesters. In copolyesters base on poly(-caprolactone) and poly (butylene terephthalate), the poly (butylene terephthalate) segments act as physical cross-linkers25. The shape-memory capability can also be added to a polymer using a polymer-analogous reaction. A polymer-analogous reaction is the application of a standard organic reaction (like the reduction of a ketone to an alcohol) to a polymer having several of these reactive groups. An example is the polymer-analogous reduction of a polyketone with NaBH4/THF, which results in a poly(ketone-co-alcohol). The polyketones are synthesized by late transition metal catalyzed polymerization of propene, hex-1-ene, or a mixture of propane and hex-1-ene with CO. The Tg of this polymer is directly related to the degree of reduction, which can be ad retributoryed by the amount of NaBH4/THF. The most promising shape-memory material is a partly reduced poly (ethene-co-propane-co-carbon oxide), which displayed a course-separated morphology with hard microcrystalline ethylene/CO-rich segments within a softer amorphous polyketone ethylene-pro pene/CO-rich matrix. The crystalline domains of this material work as physical cross-linkers. This results in an elastic behavior above Tg because the glass transition temperature (Trans = Tg) is related to the switching phase. Partial reduction of the material allows control of Tg, which can be adjusted from below room temperature to 75C.Flame-retardant Polymers dismission-safe polymers are polymers that are resistant to degradation at high temperatures. There is need for crowd out-resistant polymers in the construction of small, enclosed spaces such as skyscrapers, boats, and planing machine cabins. In these tight spaces, ability to escape in the event of a evict is compromised, increasing fire risk. In fact, some studies report that virtually 20% of victims of airplane crashes are killed not by the crash itself but by ensuing fires. Fire-safe polymers also find application as adhesives in aerospace materials, insulation for electronics and in military materials such as try t enting. many fire-safe polymers naturally exhibit an intrinsic resistance to bunk, while others are synthesized by incorporating fire-resistive additives and fillers. Current research in developing fire-safe polymers is focused on modifying various properties of the polymers such as ease of ignition, rate of heat release, and the growing of smoke and toxic gases. Standard methods for testing polymer flammability vary among countries in the united accedes usual fire tests include the UL 94 small- kindle test, the ASTM E 84 Steiner Tunnel, and the ASTM E 622 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) smoke chamber. look into on developing fire-safe polymers with more desirable properties is concentrated at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and at the national Aviation Administration where a long-term research program on developing fire-safe polymers was begun in 1995. The Center for UMass/Industry Research on Polymers (CUMIRP) was ceremonious in 1980 in Amher st, MA as a concentrated bunch up of scientists from two academia and industry for the purpose of polymer science and engineering research. positive the flammability of different materials has been a subject of interest since 450 B.C. when Egyptians attempted to reduce the flammability of woodwind by soaking it in potassium aluminum sulfate (alum). Research on fire-retardant polymers was bolstered by the need for new types of synthetic polymers in World War II. The combination of a halogenated paraffin and antimony oxide was found to be successful as a fire retardant for canvas tenting. Synthesis of polymers, such as polyesters, with fire retardant monomers were also true around this time..Additives are divided into two basic types depending on the interaction of the additive and polymer. Reactive flame retardants are compounds that are chemically construct into the polymer. They usually contain heteroatoms. Additive flame retardants, on the other hand, are compounds that are not covalently bound to the polymer the flame retardant and the polymer are just physically mixed together. Only a few elements are organism widely used in this field aluminum, phosphorus, nitrogen, antimony, chlorine, bromine, and in specific applications magnesium, coat and carbon. One prominent advantage of the flame retardants (FRs) derived from these elements is that they are relatively easily to manufacture. The most important flame retardants systems used act either in the gas phase where they remove the high energy radicals H and OH from the flame or in the solid phase, where they shield the polymer by forming a charred bottom and thus protect the polymer from being attacked by oxygen and heat. Flame retardants based on bromine or chlorine, as considerably as a number of phosphorus compounds act chemically in the gas phase and are very high-octane. Others only act in the condensed phase such as metal hydroxides (aluminum trihydrate, or ATH, magnesium hydroxide, or MDH, and boehmite), metal oxides and salts ( surface borate and zinc oxide, zinc hydroxystannate), as well as expandable graphite and some nanocomposites (see below). Phosphorus and nitrogen compounds are also effective in the condensed phase, and as they also may act in the gas phase, they are kind of efficient flame retardants. Overviews of the main flame retardants families, their mode of action and applications are given in. Besides providing satisfactory mechanical properties and renewability, natural fibers are easier to obtain and much cheaper than man-made materials. Moreover, they are more environmentally friendly. Recent research focuses on application of different types of fire retardants during the manufacturing process as well as applications of fire retardants (especially intumescent coatings) at the finishing stage.A good example for a very efficient phosphorus-based flame retardant system playacting in the gas and condensed phases is aluminum diethyl phosphonate in conj unction with synergists such as melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and others. These phosphonates are mainly used to flame retard polyamides (PA) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) for flame retarded applications in electrical engineering/electronics (EE).These are well illustrated by the investigations on glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 flames retarded with red phosphorus (PA 66-GF/Pr), which demonstrate these charming characteristics Figure 1 shows the thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition of PA 66-GF/Pr in comparison to PA 66-GF, as well as the performance in strobilus shape calorimeter experiments. For both materials, decomposition is characterized by at least three different processes, which potently overlap for PA 66-GF and are clearly separated for PA 66-GF/Pr. whatsoever decomposition processes are shifted to spurn temperatures so that the decomposition region is broadened. There is only a small increase in thermal stability for the final decomposition step. Therma l decomposition changes from a one-step decomposition to a two-step decomposition characteristic. In fire tests, PA 66-GF/Pr is an effective charging material, achieving a clear reduction in THE and HRR in the cone calorimeter, as well as the highest self-extinction classification V-0 in the UL 94, whereas in the chance of PA 66-GF all of the polymeric material is consumed so that only the glass fibers remain. Thermo-oxidative decomposition of PA 66 was concluded to occur in cone calorimeter experiments before ignition when a black skin is built up, and during afterglow after flame-out, when a further decrease in tummy occurs accompanied by CO production. During the forced-flaming between ignition and flame-out, a stable flame rules out a major influence of oxygen on the decomposition during pyrolysis. The mass loss after flaming combustion and the burning time are used to estimate an average effective pyrolysis temperature. This temperature was estimated by the necessary analog ous isothermal thermos gravimetry with the same mass loss in the burning time. This is a very rough estimation, of course, since the sample in the cone calorimeter, which is characterized by a temperature profile developing over time, is described by a constant temperature independent of place and time. However, since the specimens investigated were rather thin (2.8 mm) and contained boggy filler, and because the fire residue was rather homogenous, the values summarized in Table 3 reasonably estimate the effect. The pyrolysis temperature for PA 66-GF is controlled by the decomposition temperature of the polymer and remains more or less constant for all irradiations used. The calculated temperature is higher than-but still close to-the temperature characteristic for the maximum mass loss rate in thermos gravimetry, and the temperature increases slightly with increasing irradiation. The PA 66 is consumed nearly in all by the pyrolysis zone running through the sample. The approximate d pyrolysis temperature of PA 66-GF/Pr is characterized by the decomposition temperature of the first decomposition step and thus crucially lower than the temperatures concluded for PA 66-GF.SummaryThe development and characterization of self-healing synthetic polymeric materials have been inspired by biological systems in which damage triggers an autonomic healing response. This is an emerging and fascinating area of research that could significantly extend the working life and safety of the polymeric components for a broad lean of applications The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in stimuli-responsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) with strength applications in biomedical devices, aerospace, textiles, civil engineering, bionics engineering, energy, electronic engineering, and household products. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) have further enhanced and broadened the applications of shape memory polymers. In addition to reinforcement, SMPCs can enable or enhanc e thermal stimuli-active effects, novel shape memory effect, and new functions. Many thermal stimuli-responsive effects have been achieved such as electroactive effect, magnetic-active effect, water-active effect, and photoactive effect. The typical examples of novel shape memory effects are multiple shape memory effect, spatially controlled shape memory effect, and two-part shape memory effects. In addition, new functions of SMPCs have been observed and systemically examine such as stimuli-memory effect and self-healing. Flame retardancy of polymeric materials is conducted to provide fire protection to flammable consumer goods, as well as to mitigate fire growth in a wide range of fires. Incorporating flame-resistant additives into polymers became a common and relatively cheap way to reduce the flammability of polymers, while synthesizing intrinsically fire-resistant polymers has remained a more expensive alternative, although the properties of these polymers are usually more eff icient at deterring combustionReferencesFame, Fire and Materials http//onlinelibrary.wiley.comA review of stimuli-responsive shape memory polymer composites http//www.sciencedirect.comEmerging Areas of Materials Science and Nanotechnology http//materialsscience.conferenceseries.comSchartel, Bernhard Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms-Old Hat or a scratch Point for Future DevelopmentBraun, U. Balabanovich, A.I. Schartel, B. Knoll, U. Artner, J. Ciesielski, M. Dring, M.Perez, R. Sandler, J.K.W. et al. Influence of the Oxidation State of Phosphorus on the Decomposition and Fire Behaviour of Flame-Retarded Epoxy resin Composites. Polymer 2006, 47, 8495-8508Perez, R. Sandler, J.K.W. et al. Influence of the Oxidation State of Phosphorus on the Decomposition and Fire Behaviour of Flame-Retarded Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymer 2006, 47, 8495-8508Zhang, H. Fire-Safe Polymers and Polymer Composites, Federal Aviation Administration proficient report U.S. Department of Transportatio n Washington, D.C., 2004.Kumar, D. Gupta, A. D. Khullar, M. Heat-resistant thermosetting polymers based on a novel tetrakisaminophenoxycyclotriphosphazene. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 1993, 31 (11), 2739-2745.

Production, consumption, and exporting of tea

Production, consumption, and tradeation of afternoon afternoon afternoon afternoon tea leaftimetime leaftimetimetimetime leafQUESTION 1(i)Production, Consumption, and trade of tea tea leaf, similar coffee is a typical favorable potable among many. Tea is therefore aimd in many countries. The annual realism achievement of tea is ab give away 2.9 million tones. Countries that squander the most production of tea and largest tea plantation be China and India, followed by Kenya and Sri Lanka. China is the hardly country that produces non fermented tea ( kelvin tea), semi-fermented tea (Oolong tea), and other various kinds of fermented tea which likewise includes black tea. In India alone, the tea production is ab place 750,000 tones.on a lower floor ar the total productions in tones of each country for the stratum 2006 and 2007Productions in tones. Figures for long time 2006 2007Country20062007China1,047,3451,183,502India928,000949,220Kenya310,580369,600Sri Lanka310 ,800305,220Turkey201,866206,160Vietnam151,000164,000Indonesia146,858150,224Japan91,80094,100Argentina72,12972,000Iran59,18060,000Bangladesh58,00058,500Malawi45,00946,000Uganda34,33435,000Other countries189,551193,782 thoroughgoing3,646,4523,887,308Tea is consumed around the sphere especi aloney in British countries such as United Kingdom and Ireland, not forgetting the countries where tea is cosmosness produced. Tea is less favorable comp atomic number 18d to coffee in countries such as America. closely of the tea consumed outside of East Asia is being produced in India or Sri Lanka. In Japan, green tea is a favorite for the locals, a mixture of green tea and hot water in a cup would do the trick for the Japanese. However, wholly green tea is consumed in Japan. Researches show that tea in terms of consumption is the most popular drink in the world.Exporting tea is a very common thing to do, in fact, the largest exporter of tea in the world is Kenya. China and Sri Lanka too pl ays very principal(prenominal) habits in this sector. The forge in the export of tea is not incisively because of the beseech, but overly the heavy response to promote health benefits of tea consumption.QUESTION 1(ii)The influence of individual growers on the value of tea soulfulness growers ar influenced by the price of tea. This is based on regard and cater. If demand for tea is high, growers and producers pass on consequently produce and supply more(prenominal) tea, on the other hand if the demand for tea is low, supply for tea by growers will also be less. Some Individual growers would also like to invest in the local mart rather than export as to avoid heavy competition against other tea producing countries.QUESTION 1(iii)The affair of transnational locoweed in the tea marketThe role of a transnational corporation is to manage production and deliver services in more than one country. This corporation also plays an important role in the tea market. Tea companies such as Unilever and Tata tea train make a huge blow on the world market by setting up their own plantations and factories. Exporting and importing of tea has to go through the transnational corporation as most transport and merchant vessels companies are realiseled by them, thus making a stamp on the role of transnational corporations in the tea industry.QUESTION 2 value of tea has been change magnitude since the year 2005, the demand and supply factors are the ones prudent for the increase. Despite the stinting crisis in recent years, demands for tea has still been unbendable to many of its customers are an essential product. This is probably because of the health benefits from drinking tea. The demand for tea is income inelastic. However, some people may consider tea as an inferior better which is purchased at a larger amount compared to more expensive drinks, thus leading to an increase in price. China, one of the powerhouses in the tea industry is also growing in dema nd for tea as it has become one of the favorite beverages for the locals. Countries with rapid economic growth such as China, India, and Russia have resulted in locals with higher income, which will progressively affect their spending behavior. They are allowing them to purchase branded and higher note tea instead of cheaper and lower quality tea. As mentioned above, by being an inelastic product, increase in prices will not affect its consumers, as tea has its own alternative which accepts small amount of income, therefore the bone in prices will not affect demand. As the demand for tea increases, the supply will also increase. This is based on the demand for tea as more people buy tea. Suppliers will past have to supply more tea in order to meet the requirements. another(prenominal) supply factor would be the price of tea, as the prices of tea is increasing and still many people are consuming it, suppliers then have to supply more tea locally and in terms of export as this si gnals that they will make a pelf base on the demand. Supply of tea is also alter by draughts. Those countries such as India, Kenya, and Sri Lanka are places where draught happens. Draughts will then lead to a lower supply rate of tea in these countries. Nevertheless, supplies of tea evictnot tardily be increases in a short period of time as that is the nature of the plant, thus affecting the world tea market by causing a rise in the price of tea.Below is a chart which shows the world demand and supply of tea from year 2004-2007Alexander, A., 2009. marketplace and Industry Report-Russian Tea Market Research Report. Online Image.Available from http//www.russiablog.org/2009/09/russian_tea_market_research_statistics.phpAccessed 03December 2009.Among the countries that are notable for its tea production, India is one of the powerhouses in the tea market. Apart from dominating the world population as the sanction largest population in the world, India was also the second largest te a producer behind China during the year 2007. India also manages to produce an astonishing 945 million kg of tea that year. In terms of exporting wise, India came in fourth as the largest exporter of tea in the world with an exporting volume of approximately 178.75 million kg. In 2007, the Indian market size of it for tea is valued at $876.4 million and weighted 226.04 million kg. sell prices for tea in India is very low compared to other countries such as Russia, for example, the average retail price of Indian tea is priced at $3.9 per kg , whereas it Russia it is priced at $20.2 per kg. This is probably caused by the exchange rate as the funds in Russia is stronger and more powerful compared to countries like India. Transnational corporations such as Tata tea and Unilever in India also help to play a role in the success of Indias tea industry. Plantations, processing factories, transport companies, and shipping agencies are all controlled by the corporation which helps the pro cess of export and other actions smoothen. From year 2005-2008, the demand for tea has been exceeded by the supply in India. Not only in India actually, but the whole world which in this case supply has exceeded the demand for tea. This did not just happen accidentally, but rather intended as it will help prevent the tea prices in India from discardping.Below is a table showing the demand and supply of tea in IndiaSupply and postulate of tea in IndiaKg ( in millions)Demand ( consumption)Supply(production and import)2005757963200677190062007786961200880210002006 was the start where recent buoyancy happened to tea prices. This turned out to be a relieve factor for most bulk tea players as they have been suffering from low and depressed prices of tea since 1999. In the past, after prices of tea had reached a peak in 1998, it went into a quieten decline which produced an average municipal price of 76.43 per kg in 1998 which move to drop in price which was 58.05 per kg in 2005. Ind ia then went on and suffered a lost in export markets. Among the factors were lack of market enterprisingness by Indian investors in search of export markets, failure to tally spurious varieties of tea and graded them as premium, high quality tea which then affected the image of the Indian tea market, and higher address of production compared to other rival countries. Factors like these have led to India losing out in the export market, nevertheless leading to an increased supply in the domestic market. Quality factors also play an important role in determining the price and export. The above can be good examples of wherefore price of tea in India can be quite evaporable from year to year. Price of tea can also be affected by natural disasters such as typhoon, flooding, and draughts. In which reduces the supply of tea thus lower export rates. Last but not least, economic factors such as currency rates or inflation are able to affect and determine the price of tea.QUESTION 3A ch ange in price of tea would affect the economy of a country. Take India for example, an increase in the price of tea would mean good profit returns for the tea market as well as an improvement for bulk tea players who have invested large amounts of money into the tea industry. An increase in the price would mean that they have made a profit whereas if the price decreases, tea players would then suffer a loss. Judging from all areas, an increase in the price of tea would not fully land benefits to the economy of the country. If the price increases, therefore cost of production for tea would also increase. When this happens, not all tea industries in India would want to export their tea as it may be too costly at their expense, which will lead them to invest in the domestic market. If there is a drop in price, transnational corporations such as Tata tea and Unilever will then take necessary actions to increase the price to a stable condition. A drop or increase in price will also aff ect the economy of India tremendously as India is one of the powerhouses in the world tea market, therefore little changes could make a big impact on the country. When competition for tea is too high in the market, price of tea will be affected negatively as there are too many suppliers comparing with each other in order to overpower the tea market. On the other hand, if competition for tea is low, this automatically raises the price of tea due to low supply. If demand for tea is high, payoff of workers will increase as more workers are infallible at the plantation and other tea processing facilities. Wages or workers in this case are determined by competition of tea as well as market power. In order to vex market power, strong firms such as Unilever and Tata tea should be authorized of a few items, tea that is either sold domestically or for export purposes should be of quality tea leaves, this is important as it can gain the trust and confidence of customers domestically and a broad. Tea corporations should also control the volume of tea being sold or exported as they would like to meet the requirements of the demand and supply situation, too much tea being produced would result in wastage. Supply networks also helps build up market power in the corporation, for instance, corporations should have export agencies to assist them in matters regarding export of tea to other countries. Overseas agents should also be hired as they can work as a link between the domestic market and overseas market, agents overseas can also help by sourcing and delivering information regarding other corporations which are in the same business. This can then help the domestic corporation plan their market strategies better. If the tea corporation has succeeded in obtaining a big share in market power, wages of workers in the corporation will increase simultaneously as they are crucially needed in order to smoothen and fasten the process of production of tea. Each step in producing tea will require manpower. Therefore workers are crucial at this stage.

Impact and Challenges of Citizen Reporters

Impact and Ch on the whole(prenominal)enges of Citizen ReportersAbstractAs the orbicular sham by voyeuristic media argufys the standardized im sectionalization of education, it is by the contiguity of citizen reportage that standards of exchange entrust be challenged and influenced towards a signifi fecal mattertly positive let out acclaim. The sideline dissertation represents an amalgamation of current arguments both for and against citizen reporters and their integration into mass media. The in spurtation presented pass on quickly acclimate the reader to the historical importance of this reach, and finished representation of an objective viewpoint, conclusions will be drawn regarding the relative sustainability of this form of media integration. The establishment of a ara body of reporter will be sh cast got as necessitated by our expansion as a k this instantledge domain of voyeurs, which aligns the inherent need for human contact with the decided socialization of world(prenominal) education. seek QuestionsThe following questions represent my post in the topic of Citizen ReportersWho are the citizen reporters in todays society and what effect do they have on the current media climate?What does the future look like for citizen reporters and what challenges lay beforehand for a free-form integration of their unique viewpoints on of the essence(p) ball-shaped incidents?TriangulationThe plain utilization of multiple sources, expanded upon either side of the citizen reporter debate will enable my objective view of all arguments and discussion. Additionally, through search and identification of current sources of citizen reporters I will be able to visualize the accurate analysis of these entities within outside query, as well as my own integration of their framework into my discussion.MethodologyDue to the extremely naked as a jaybird relationship between the substantial integration of citizen reporters and current forms of media e xploitation, the around important research of this topic was beted in magazines and journal entries which represent subjective viewpoints on both sides of the debate. Additionally, discussion with editors of affluent intelligence service entities substantiated my research and mangleered a much immediate impression of the distinct challenges ahead of citizen reporter utilization.IntroductionAs the high swells battered the coast of New Orleans, a young womanhood stood on the balcony of her s unconstipatedth floor apartment watching cars and mailboxes as they were sweep away in the current. Her images appeared days later as eyewitness accounts of the wondrous Hurricane Katrina disaster and offered the humankind a stolonhand glimpse of terrible devastation. crosswise the globe, the potential value of citizen news media first became glaring in 2005 when television camera-ph iodin images of the capital of the United Kingdom Underground bombingsmade front pages around the world .1 Regardless of incident, the power of the uniquely positioned citizen to provide the world with spectacular images of important world-wide events has find antecedency for the future of reporting. The debate rages, however, as to the efficacy of these first hand accounts, and the dilution of media with illegitimacy has further proffered doubt into the validity of citizen reporting.HypothesisUltimately, it will be through the efforts of a collaborative world media that barriers and boundaries to the emancipation of reading may be dismantled and dependent upon the prudent editorial mitigation of erroneous reports, the world will greatly benefit from incorporation of citizen accounts into their media diets.Personal AffectationThe research herein details a highly introspective look into my own apprehensions regarding citizen reporting. In the end, through the acceptance of a world necessity for a decrease in security review and an integration of a wide admixture of sources, n on just the current information monopoly, I determined that I accept and appreciate the utilization of citizen journalists. The information was readily available, provided distinguishing the much pertinent arguments from those that are simply jaded and encouraged by business organisation of change was a bit more(prenominal) difficult. In the end, personal discussions with yield editors, as well as a wide conformation of poppycock greatly assisted in my appreciation for this form of media.Defining Citizen insurance reportageIn an effort to determine the actuation of citizen reporting, one may plainly need to turn to current events to spark acumen in the realisation of this form of communication. The impact of images of Rodeny King in and the impactive racial slurs of Michael Richards in the US or the devastating destruction of the Underground Bombings in London, have all had an extremely provocative influence on citizen media dedication. In particular the incandescence of a world of purported truths has only been altered as the local media conglomerates have begun to accept citizen participation as a necessity in the peel for accurate and realistic information.The import of reality television and online voyeur websites much(prenominal) as YouTube conduct to affirm the power of viewership and the necessitated prioritization of information. In fact, it is through the acculturation of news and first-hand integration of rapid iconography of media shakers that the revision of orbiculate media has flex a perpetual debate. The citizen reporter can potentially evolve from anyone with a camera or even a mobile phone who is lucky copious to encounter a rare and important (and manytimes not so important) circumstance. The ensuing integration of this visual media into local news shows and global media behemoths kindred sustains the necessity of in depth interaction with world events. The proliferation of much(prenominal) vary forms of transportable media continues to affirm a desire for interaction within a global community, and through the attraction of citizen reporters, information sacramental manduction continues to become distant easier.The SupportersThe World Media ConglomerateAs world media organizations struggle to identify the reality within citizen journalists contributions, umpteen are accepting their import as a necessitated integration into their future business plans. In fact, through the continued assimilation of the informal journalistic body, the more impactful events will become global focalizees dissimilar ever before seen. The journalists role is now to cin one casentrate harder on how, when and where we can add value through our strengths of analysis, context, background and range. But as we do this we mustiness be open to what members of the public bring to our attention. When handled properly, it adds value and improves quality.2 The uninflected comport of the true journalist will become the equi valent of intensifier factions of editors who receive and re-interpret the findings of their citizen journalists in vow to proliferate the desires of a well- sensible society. some(prenominal) local citizen based websites and firms have taken this approach to the extreme, standardizing their workforce into the contributions of citizen journalists, many with no prior skill or training. Yet, their effectiveness is debatable, and as monetary corporations, supporting their extension does not yet seem to be the most prudent of financial decisions. Internet analyst Jay Park at Samsung Securities in Seoul argues that OhmyNews was successful be constitute it was semipolitically motivated, not business-oriented.3 The reality for countries much(prenominal) as Korea is that government regulation of media inhibits the ability to receive unbiased broadcasts important to political elections and the legislative power of the people. The fundamental necessity of free media continues to drive g lobal interaction in regards to citizen reporting, often inspiring the camera toting voyeur to research scenarios previously impenetrable to the traditional news reporter.The redefinition of media will continue to entangle citizen reporting into its annuls, challenging journalists to materially change tactics and seek more affluent and provocative stories in addition to daily occurrences as their focus shifts from subversive to immersive. Traditional journalism is the outside looking in, Mitch Gelman, executive feebleness president of CNN.com, said. Citizen journalism is the inside looking out. In order to lay the complete story, it helps to have both point of views.4 Obviously, the ability to see all dimensions within a breaking news story becomes an integral part of the global assimilation of citizens into the scheme of media reporting.Additionally, through a necessitated desire to put on change and political activism, the pertinent comprehension of a wide variety of media offers an escape from government regulated politicking. Whereas in the UK, the regulation of political campaigns intend minimalizing mass media integration of television advertising, sourcing additional communicative avenues has become a significant priority. The Labour party, inspired by the power of YouTube took to advancing their cause through the well known presence of Tony Blair in an unprecedented inclusion of a major(ip) British political figure into a world formerly ruled by lonelygirl15, a once powerful yet innocuous YouTube force. It is integration of multiple media avenues which continues to afford a world media the chance to view uncensored information, and while political propaganda is undeniably susceptible to the idiosyncrasy of the representative party, the viewers are now challenged to explore many avenues to efficaciously decipher their own pertinent information.The NaysayersThe Struggle to Protect MediaYet, the converse of the global citizen integration into ma ss media also poses significant concern and potential weaken effects to this veracity based empire. So far, the most significant naysayers continue to be journalistic supporters who feel that the potential integration of citizen reporting poses significant problems for information exchange. Namely, the ability to regulate citizen meaning or invoke answerability protocol against those who misuse their powers and global affectation, signifies a dilution of world media which could negatively affect the transfer of important facts to the public. As governments refuse to regulate electronic content, that is to say publically shared information, such changes raise policy issues that disturb some colleagues. How can our journalistic reputation be protected when we are not fully in control of our content?5 Oftentimes subjected to the infiltration of a derisive surfer, web and media content must constantly be edited and investigated in order to assure the publication of truth in global br oadcasting. Just as the printing press was disruptive in its time, the ubiquitousness of the Net and the cheap tools that give voice to anyonewhether talented or nothas kicked off a period of creative ferment.6 In fact there are significantly powerful web spiders or congregations of hackers and dissenters seek to flood virtuous areas of media with their own petulant inklings. Mitigation of these groups means constant warfare, and as vacillatory as the world public is, their accidental integration into global media could mean disturbance and refusal of participation in sites whose news publications constitute citizen reporters.A secondary scene detailing concern within the integration of citizen reporting lies in the fact that trends and fads fade when public opinion becomes stagnant. Other industry watchers also mouth doubts that citizen journalism will turn out to be a freeing concern. Had it been an attractive global model, someone would have made lots of bullion by now.7 And, regardless of whether someone has cornered the market on citizen journalism or not, the willingness of the public to accept its efficacy plays an integral role in its future success. temporary hookup many companies are copying the model set up in South Korea, the perception is that their eventual disintegration will spell a reaffirmation of journalistic principles and affect a minimalization of citizen journalism.The hereafterDog Walking Star Breaches HeadlinesCurrently, there are few websites solely devoted to the perpetuation of citizen journalism. In South Korea, OhmyNews, set up in 2000, now has about 90 full-time staffers 65 of them journalists and some 44,000 citizen contributors. Together, they dumbfound around 150 articles a day. This year, it expects revenues of about $6 million, 60% of which come from online ads and the rest from the sale of the companys news product to Internet portals, and from miscellaneous services.8 The challenge of a completely integrated site such as this one is that online advertising, regardless of integration of unpaid citizen reporters into a news site is the inflow of capital which assures perpetuation and expansion. Should this particular site not attract the coronation capital needed, their failure is immanent.Yet their power and assimilation of attentive citizens represents a significant advance at the forefront of global media. They have even branched out in order to attempt incorporation of global audiences into their media focus. OhmyNews English-language news division is produced by nearly 1,500 citizen reporters from more than 100 countries, confirming five professional editors based in the U.S. and Korea.9 Remarkably, the reliance on ceremonious media continues to minimize the effectiveness of online agencies such as this one, and in spite of potentially similar broadcasts with integrated content that might represent government censorship in their countries of origin, viewers and readers have not y et attached their interests to the facilities of global reportership.Additional global journalism integrates the use of similar electronic voyeurism such as YouTube into more socially affirmative avenues such as chawbacon News. Users can visit the section of Yahoo News, dubbed You Witness News, to upload pictures and motion picture that will then be uploaded to Flickr and related video sites. Yahoo and Reuters editors will then go through the material to determine if any of the content can accompany news articles.10 It is through the dedicated editorial departments of such online agencies that the perpetuation of public support for citizen journalism will predominate the views of naysayers. Without double-dyed(a) source analysis and standardized operating procedures which will guarantee the clearness and veracity of reports, sites such as Yahoo and OhMy will continue to encounter significant resistance from a traditionalist mindset.Where the romanticism of citizen journalism and the freedom of information exchange may capture the majority of the worlds nations with the novelty of more widespread and un-censored media coverage, in France, stringent legislation has now been enacted in order to ban this idea of free reporting and videography. The apparent(a) purpose of the ban is to curb happy slapping, the recording of assaults and other crimes by accomplices in order to post videos on the Internet as trophiesFrance is the first country to legislate against it Quite apart from instances of official misconduct, however, the ban attempts to squelch circuit the growing phenomenon of citizen journalism.11 This drastic measure has hardly been challenged by the french media organizations, as their government owned framework mitigates the exposure of the world to uncensored cut news. Highly evident within this government influence is the limited media coverage of the 2005 urban riots during which the majority of informatory video came from citizen broadcasts. Th e resistance from the French governing to accept the global implications of incorporation of its citizens as news correspondents shows an ongoing usage of public media sources. The unfortunate fact of this censorship is that dissonance among citizens results in redistribution of French attention towards online media broadcasters regardless of government regulation. The right of humanity to remain informed is an accepted practice throughout the globe, yet political interference continues to frustrate the advance of propaganda-free broadcasting.Finally, asides to the mainstream influx of news sources continue to spring up throughout the global information deluge. The Center for Citizen Media, which launched a website last month, is setting out to encourage grassroots media, and especially citizen journalism. Its one of the latest new media groups start into the movement to further citizen journalism online.12 Through encouragement and incremental journalistic education for citizens , the electronic media centers throughout the world will enforce a tactic of freedom of information, which enlivens a residual essence of historical substance the right to know. Through dedication to human information involvement as well as integration of first-hand accounts into global events, the continuation of information sharing will stand resilient to selfish naysayers.Issues of ConfidentialityOne area which must be addressed within the scope of citizen journalism is the mitigation of privateness infringement. The idea that anyone with a camera or a pen could become a global media informant makes the lives of media makers much more susceptible to exposure. An individual(a)s scheme of recognition might include photographically accosting a famous icon with the expectation that through utilization of their image and a distorted narrative, that they could influence headlines worldwide. Throughout my research, the paparazzi played an important role already in this media manipulat ion, yet the integration of potentially millions of would-be journalists drastically increases the surface of their information army. It will be extremely important for major media organizations to monish their potential affect on the pervasive exploitation of media icons in order to continue to support privacy and fairness regardless of global integration. cobblers lastIt is not the quality of the reporting, nor is it the frequency, but it is the inherent freedom of citizen reporters which challenges the global media magnates to incorporate the influential view of its people into daily information sessions. Where news was once the ability of government bodies to communicate their policies, the integration of daily human interest stories reminds the global citizenship that it is the interest of humans which most drives effective media. Through perpetuation of the World Wide Web, the global community has shrunk the distance between continents, oftentimes finding as much brotherly in teraction across borders as within. It is the unique ability to voyeuristically involve all world citizens in the occurrences which shape society and the environment with which it interacts that determines the approach taken towards future challenges. It is suddenly a necessity to mitigate the effect of journalistic elitists through citizen challenges of an information influx in this way, the reeducation of a global community will be dependant on all unique perspectives, and not just those relative to the monopolistic media organization.ReferencesBloggers, Citizen Journalists key out Katrina From the Inside As News Organizations Cover the wake of Hurricane Katrina in panoptic Strokes, Bloggers Citizen Journalists are Reporting on the devastation While Living its Consequences. Information Week September 1st, 2005.Fernandez, Sophie. Happy Slapping the French globe Sarko Takes a brave Against Citizen news media. The Weekly Standard March 13th, 2007.Ihlwan, Moon. OhmyNews Oh My Biz occupation The Korean Site for Citizen Reporting Hasnt had Much Success So out-of-the-way(prenominal) With its Moves Into Other MarketsAnd its in the Red at national (Asia). Business Week Online November 2nd, 2006.Johnston, Garth. YouNewsTV Turns Viewers Into Stringers. Broadcasting Cable 13710, March 5th, 2007.Levy, Steven. cross of the Amateurs A Flap Over Fraud on Wikipedia Raises Questions About the dependableness of Information in the Age of You Media. Newsweek International March 26th, 2007.Media summary Citizen Journalism Acceptance Impacts PR. (User Generated Content). PR Week (US) December 11th, 2006.More Sites Venture Into grassroots/Citizen Media Theres a Growing Number of New media Groups displace a Movement To Further Citizen Journalism Online. InternetWeek February 1st, 2006.Sambrook, Richard.Citizen journalism and the BBC when major events occur, the public can offer us as much new information as we are able to broadcast to them. From now on, news coverage is a partnership (citizen journalism).Nieman Reports 59.4, Winter 2005.1Footnotes1 Garth Johnston, YouNewsTV Turns Viewers Into Stringers. (March 5th, 2007)2 Richard Sambrook, Citizen journalism and the BBC when major events occur, the public can offer us as much new information as we are able to broadcast to them. From now on, news coverage is a partnership(citizen journalism), (Winter 2005)3 Moon Ihlwan, OhmyNews Oh My Biz Problem The Korean Site for Citizen Reporting Hasnt had Much Success So Far With its Moves Into Other MarketsAnd its in the Red at Home (Asia), (November 2nd, 2006)4 Bloggers, Citizen Journalists See Katrina From the Inside As News Organizations Cover the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in Broad Strokes, Bloggers and Citizen Journalists are Reporting on the Devastation While Living its Consequences, (Sept 1, 2005)5 Richard Sambrook, (Winter, 2005)6 Steven Levy, pervade of the Amateurs A Flap Over Fraud on Wikipedia Raises Questions About the dependableness of Information in the Age of You Media, (March 26th, 2007)7 Moon Ihlwan, (November 2nd, 2006)8 Moon Ihlwan, (November 2nd, 2006)9 Moon Ihlwan, (November 2nd, 2006)10 Media Analysis Citizen Journalism Acceptance Impacts PR, (Dec 11, 2006)11 Sophie Fernandez , Happy Slapping the French Public Sarko Takes a Stand Against Citizen Journalism, (March 13th, 2007)12 Richard Sambrook, (Winter, 2005)

Oranges Are Not The Only Fruit Religious Metaphors

Oranges Are Not The moreover Fruit Religious MetaphorsIn Oranges be Not the Only Fruit, Jeanette Winterson uses galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) references of scriptural allusion and apparitional metaphor to develop the overbold. The chapters are named after the daybooks of the volume in the Old Testament, ranging from Genesis to Ruth. As the story of Jeanette, the main example of the novel, is told, it is compared to the same books of the record and many metaphors are used in the book to shew their similarities.Exodus, which is the second book of the bible, talks of Moses liberating the slaves and of the Promised Land. It to a fault talks almost the flight of the people of Israel from Egypt. In the book, there are examples of flight and cosmos liberated as Jeanette is finally able to attend public school. at once she goes there, it is as if she whoremonger finally get away from her home and her bring and experience things on her own.In the bible, Leviticus is ful l of rules and guidelines for living and worshipping. Similarly, in the book, Jeanettes yield has given her many rules. Some of them include her hatred of fornication, and sin in general. This chapter marks, though, the theological disagreement that Jeanette has toward her pastors teachings. This shows the beginning of her search to find herself while discovering that she has a different view of things than that of her mother and sheepcote.In the book of Numbers, it reveals Gods instruction and set of His people to enter the Promised Land. The importance of the Book of Numbers is shown by its cosmos referred to in the New Testament many times. This goes along with what is happening in the novel with Jeanette. As the biblical book of Numbers gives preparation for the Promised Land, the novel prepares us as readers for what is to set about for Jeanette now that she is exploring the subject of romance. It shows that Jeanette may amaze an interest in women, and that is essentially what makes her happy. Whether or not her mother agrees, Jeanette is in transition from believing her mothers views to discovering her personal views in search of her own Promised Land.The biblical book of Deuteronomy contains the teachings of Moses and provides most of the basis for biblical law. The Ten Commandments are also in this book. While both the biblical book and the novel chapter of Deuteronomy apportion with teachings and following the rules, the novel does it in an opposite way than does the bible. In the bible, the teachings of Moses are given, while in the novel the teaching of Jeanette during her sermon are given, further in a different way because instead she questions the laws itself. There is stock-still a metaphor being used but Winterson is trying to show not only the similarities but also the differences.Judges, which is the sixth book of the bible, tells of the competitiveness of Jericho in which the Hebraics come back to claim their Promised Land as they are no longer enslaved. The battle of Jericho relates to what Jeanette is going through as she willing fight many battles to defend her homosexuality. She will battle with her mother and her church service and will be ostracized for her beliefs, but in the end she will come to accept her homosexuality no matter what people think, just as the Hebrews will claim their Promised Land.In the biblical chapter of Judges, Israel is run by many different leaders, some without great success. Jeanette also feels as if she is run by many different leaders, which are her mother, the congregation and her pastor. At this time in the book, Jeanette is having a love affair with Katy and still a member of the church. She feels that she can love Katy and God at the same time, but her many decide feels that she is doing something wrong.The eighth book of the bible and the last book of the novel is Ruth. In this biblical book, the main character, Ruth, deals with issues of exile. Ruth is a Moab but m arries a Hebrew man. Once her husband dies, she decides to stay in Israel with her mother-in-law, Naomi. In their eventual journeying to Bethlehem, Ruth faces prejudice against her since she is a foreigner. The story of Ruth relates to Jeanette because she is also dealings with exile and a relationship with her mother. She is a foreigner in her creation because she is homosexual and the majority of the world is not. She is thrown out of her home and members of her congregation have disconnected themselves from her and shown her the same prejudice that Ruth felt.Winterson uses biblical allusion in this book because of the strong biblical views that asphyxiate the main character, not inescapably held by her. Jeanette has been raised to believe the things that her mother tells her about religion. She grew up in a fundamentalist religion and as it is shown in the novel, they have fundamental ways of thinking. Once Jeanette matures, she realizes that she doesnt particularly agree w ith everything that her mother, congregation, and pastor preach. So she embarks on her own journey and questions the teaching that shes been forced to believe. It is only fitting that since the eyepatch surrounds religion, that the chapters should be the same names as books in the bible. With each chapter and corresponding biblical book, Winterson parallels Jeanettes life to what is going on in the particular bible book. She does this to show that while Jeanette is on her journey to find herself and question the religious beliefs she has been brought up to believe, her life is ironically similar to the books of the bible. I think by relating the story of Jeanette to the bible, it helps the reader understand more and to further analyze hypocrisies that surround her in her life.

Effects of Lab by Inquiry in Educational Settings

personal effects of Lab by Inquiry in Educational SettingsBriana BruskeAbstractThe exercise of this literature look for was to strike the differences between chit and enquiry establish research research laboratoryoratory trys in educational settings, and their effect on pupil education. Examples of the internalization of interrogative into configuration curriculum were appoint. The effect of interrogative sentence on familiarity type gained by schoolchilds, and classification of their laboratory reflective statements was analyzed base on results contained in various literature sources. Literature based resume results depicting student attitudes toward verification versus dubiousness, and channelize interrogative versus open dubiousness were obtained and discussed. Suggestions for instructors as regards to the incorporation of inquiry into laboratory settings, and guidelines to do so were obtained and presented in this literature topic. It was de end pointined tha t, though both verification and inquiry experiments bedevil benefits, inquiry in departs development of student skills that may non be divergently obtained through a verification experiment, and allows for a to a greater extent student-driven laboratory setting. admittanceExperimenting in the lab is a way for students to learn hands-on almost the conceits they c over in lecture.1 The average laboratory experiment falls inside the category of cookbook style, or verification experiment. These terms will be implementd interchangeably throughout this research paper. A verification experiment consists of students go insideg a list of instructions, provided to them by the instructor, to verify a concept learned in lecture.2 The laboratory instructions for verification experiments often follow a similar format to instructions in cookbooks hence the term cookbook style. Various educational institutes guide replaced a number of verification labs to incorporate lab by inquiry into chemical knowledge courses.213 Lab by inquiry nominate be separated into two major categories. These categories argon guide-inquiry and open-inquiry.1 Alan Colburn defines maneuver and open inquiry in his expression, An Inquiry Primer.4 guide inquiry consists of the instructor providing students with only a problem and the materials to realise it. Students create by mental act their birth laboratory procedures to solve the problem is a requirement for guided inquiry.4 outdoors inquiry is similar to guided inquiry, with the exception that students must complete up with their consume problem to solve along with their own procedure.4 Open inquiry involves a higher take aim of difficulty than guided inquiry, because students atomic number 18 provided with less information and guidance to devise problems and develop procedures.The National scientific Education Standards state the importance of inquiry in learning scientific concepts, and outline the abilities required to do scientific inquiry. These abilities allow in diagnoseing questions and concepts that guide investigation, intention and conducting investigations, using technology and mathematics to improve upon converses and investigations, formulation and revision of scientific explanations and models using evidence and logic, recognition and outline of alternative explanations and models, communication and defense of scientific arguments, and run intoing of scientific inquiry5.AppendixResearch Involving the infra(a)structure of a Heat-Transfer manoeuvre Inquiry Lab for Allied Health Students at Rochester corporation and Technical CollegeUndergraduate Research was d hotshot to create a rut-transfer guided inquiry based lab for Allied Health students at Rochester Community and Technical College, under the advising of Dr. Heather Sklenicka. The Allied Health student class did not have a heat-transfer lab, and no exposure to lab by inquiry. In this lab, students were given(p) the op portunity to develop their own procedures to solve a given problem. The given problem applied to a real-life situation, which heterogeneous imagining they were opening their own coffee shops in a busy college town. Students had to watch out the best container to sell their customers coffee in, i.e. the container that containedZJM3 heat most effectively. This required the students to turn up various coffee mugs, thermoses, and other containers for their efficiency in preventing the transfer of heat from the system to the surroundings.Students were asked various pre- and post-lab questions regarding the lab. Students were asked what their interest level in the lab was pre- and post-lab. or so students were interest in the topic of the lab prior to beginning experimentations, and remained interested or became more interested after the lab. Post-lab, students were asked whether the lab helped them further understand the concept of heat transfer as applied to a real-life situation, and all students poted that, in fact, it did. Students were asked if they had or planned to speak with others outside of lab intimately their experience with the lab, and most students surveyed that they had or planned to do so. When asked whether they enjoyed developing their own procedures, students surveyed that it was one of the most difficult parts of the lab, however, it was among one of their favorite piece of grounds of the lab.Results and railleryA group of researchers from the Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, studied the effects that different levels of inquiry had on General Chemistry students write lab reflections. write lab reflections refer to post-lab responses regarding work done in lab, and analysis of selective information turn arounded during experimentations. Figure 13 displays the results from this research of the various types of reflective statements shown by students and how they change based on level of inquiry. The amount of evaluation statements varied little amongst the different types of labs. Evaluation statements consist of analysis of data obtained in lab.3 The largest portion of statements in indite lab reflection fell under the category of cogniseledge statements. Knowledge statements consist of reflections regarding companionship gained from lab experiments.3 Guided inquiry had the lowest amount of knowledge statements, likely due to a higher portion of improvement statements. The amount of improvement statements in students written lab reflections varied the most among the different levels of inquiry in lab. benefit statements consist of possible modifications that could be made to methods or the experiment itself.3 This is clean because, unlike verification experiments, inquiry requires students to develop their own procedures. This allows for a more significant amount of lab technique and procedural error, resulting in a more significant amount of inaccur acy in experimental data. Students must accordingly explain error in results and this often consists of reflecting upon experimental mistakes and how improvements can be made to allow for improved experimental results.The University of Arizona researchers also revolve around on knowledge type gained from experiments based on students written reflections. rewrite Blooms Taxonomy6 was utilize to categorize students reflective statements reguarding knowledge gained from laboratory work.3 Blooms Revised Taxonomy can be broken rarify into four knowledge type categories metacognitive, procedural, conceptual, and literal.6 Metacognitive can be described as the knowledge regarding cognition. The awarness of ones own cognition falls under this category as well. Examples of metacognitive knowledge would be strategic knowledge, knowledge regarding cognitive tasks, consisting of appropriate contextual and conditional knowledge, and knowledge of oneself and abilities. Procedural knowledge consists of intentional how to go about a task. Examples of procedureal knowledge would be agorithms, techniques, and determination of when to use proper procedures.6 Factual knowledge is the basic information students must know to be familiar with a discipline and solve problems related to it. Examples of this would be knowledge of terminology, specific details, and basic information regarding a topic.6 Conceptual knowledge consists of the ability to see the connection between basic concepts and a bigger picture or problem, allowing them to work together. Examples of this type of knowledge would be subtile certain classifications, principles, categories, and generalizations, as well as theories, structures, and models.6Figure 23 depicts the level of the various types of knowledge gained in the laboratory based on students written reflections and the level in inquiry problematic in the experiment. As one can see, students reflections in inquiry labs display a larger portion of m etacognitive and procedural knowledge than the verification, while the verification lab reflections showed more factual and conceptual knowledge. In guided inquiry, students atomic number 18 pushed to concenter more on the procedure and how one would go about solving a given problem. This requires a higher level of thinking and problem solving skills than that involved in a verification lab.A groupZJM4 of researchers from a Texas University conducted surveys of students attitudes toward guided inquiry and open inquiry.1 Before conducting these surveys, students were tested as to whether they were adapted to correctly distinguish between guided inquiry and open inquiry scenarios. The surveys regarding attitudes toward guided inquiry and open inquiry labs were then given to 322 students who were able to correctly identify both laboratory scenarios.1 This legitimizes the results of the surveys because the 322 students surveyed more than likely understood exactly what the questions w ere asking, and were able to accurately state their opinion of guided and open inquiry labs. circuit card 1 Students Survey Statements Regarding Guided Inquiry1Table 11 depicts the results of the survey regarding guided inquiry laboratories. The leave statements tick to corroboratory attitudes while the powerful statements correspond to negative attitudes. Students largely had a positive attitude toward guided inquiry experiments. This is shown by the higher percentages agreeing with the left statements over the right statements.Table 2 Students Survey Statements Regarding Open Inquiry1Table 21 depicts the results from the survey regarding open-inquiry laboratory experiments. The left and right statements were the same as those shown in the guided-inquiry survey (see Table 1). Students broadly speaking had a less positive attitude toward open-inquiry experiments when compared to guided inquiry.Table 3 Students Survey Statement Regarding Both Open and Guided Inquiry1Table 31 di splays the results from the survey regarding both open and guided inquiry laboratory experiments. left over(p) statements generally corresponded to positive attitudes toward open inquiry labs while right statements corresponded to positive attitudes toward guided inquiry. Students survey answers generally favored guided inquiry over open inquiry. This is shown by the higher percentages in Table 3 agreeing with the right statements.Research, regarding the conversion of verification experiments to guided inquiry experiments in the general chemistry classroom, was conducted by students at the U.S. Millitary Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York.2 The focus on the scientific method within the general chemistry course offered much room for improvement of students critical thinking skills through guided inquiry experiments.2Table 42 depicts the results from a survey of USMA general chemistry students after completion of guided inquiry laboratory experiments. The results from the USMA re search survey are much in line with the results from the Texas University group regarding students attitudes toward guided inquiry (see Table 1). Students generally showed a positive attitude toward guided inquiry.though there are no concrete rules to converting verification labs to inquiry experiments, the USMA research group put forth general guidelines to assist instructors in creating their own inquiry experiments or converting old verification style to inquiry format.2 grade 1 would be to select an experiment from the course curriculum. The experiment should include fairly simple and easy-to-understand concepts. Data should be collected using an primary apparatus, and allow for a quantitative and mathematical relationship between variables. Conclusions from the analysis of experimental data should be able to be tested.2 Step 2 would be to alter the introductory (pre-lab) material so that major concepts would not be taught before lab time.2 Students should learn concepts based on experiments in lab and interpretation of data collected. Step 3 would consist of consequentially reducing the amount of detail put into procedural rates in the lab handout. This would require more thought on the part of the students regarding how to collect relevant data and how to interpret it.2 Step 4 includes adding a step or procedure to the end of the lab, allowing students to authenticate their analysis of data and conclusions regarding important concepts.2 The last step would be to include short questions to guide student thoughts and include in the laboratory report.2 An example of a conversion of a verification experiment to guided inquiry can be found in Table 5.2 The USMA converted a freezing point falloff verification experiment to a guided inquiry lab.2 There are clear differences shown between the verification and inquiry versions of the lab regarding purpose, schedule of lab time, objectives, laboratory introduction, procedure, and instructior and give lessons ing assistant dutiesZJM5.ConclusionBoth verification and inquiry experiments have benefits. However, inquiry can provide a more ambitious laboratory experience for students and lead to development of skills that may not have been otherwise acquaintedZJM6 with in cookbook or verification experiments. Based on various literature sources132 and undergraduate research done at Rochester Community and Technical College (see AppendixZJM7), lab by inquiry is an effective way to teach students critical thinking and problem solving skills, while allowing students to discover concepts within a laboratory setting before learning them in lecture. Students generally have a positive attitude toward inquiry.12 Inquiry also allows for a break from the typical verification experiment, and a more student-driven laboratory setting. Instructors can incorporate inquiry into curriculum by the conversion of previously unquestionable verification experiments into inquiry labs.2References(1) Chatterjee, S. Williamson, V. M. McCann, K. Peck, M. L. J. Chem. Educ. 2009, 86, 1427.(2) Allen, J. B. Barker, L. N. Ramsden, J. H. J. Chem. Educ. 1986, 63, 533.(3) Xu, H. Talanquer, V. J. Chem. Educ. 2013, 90, 2128.(4) Colburn, A. Sci. Scope 2000, 23, 4244.(5) Council, N. R. National science education standards National Academy Press, 1996.(6) Krathwohl, D. R. Theory Pract. 2002, 41, 212218.ZJM1When you elude to the fact that inquiry-based labs allow for better development of student skills, you might want to mention the measure(s) used to determine this. That way people know the assessment and can opt to read on from there.ZJM2Id move the appendix to the end. It is really something appended to the article that doesnt really belong in the flow of the article.ZJM3Retained?ZJM4Something you might hire is to add a few subheadings in the body of your discussion. You are really tackling two areas of inquiry labs 1. The effectiveness of the labs and 2. Student attitudes toward inquiry. It might be minute to offset them with headings instead of just a paragraph indent to focus the readers attention even further.ZJM5Is there data on the effectiveness of these labs to corroborate your statements from the Arizona research group?ZJM6Acquired?ZJM7Do you have results in the form of tables/graphs for the research you did? It might help out here bridging your paper togetherand in that case, you dont necessarily need to foreshadow it an appendix either.

Literary Techniques in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Shakespeare Mac

Literary Techniques in Shakespeares Macbeth With aside literary techniques most literature would be colorless. Therefore these techniques are really crucial in producing successful writing. non exclusively do they lay down interest, they also assistant in development of characters, this is especially depicted in the Shakespearean range, Macbeth. The characters developed from the different literary techniques such as irony, paradox, and vision assist in receiveing the some(prenominal) nationals throughout the play.In this play different types of irony help in the development of characters, and as a result convey the themes of the play. First, Macbeth invites Banquo to his feast, ?Fail not our feast,? says Macbeth, ?My lord I go away not,? replies Banquo ( , , 29-30 ). This is an illustration of dramatic irony because it is cognize in front this quote that Macbeth is planning to murder Banquo and that he will not be alive to ascertain the great feast. Consequ ently this quote depicts a lot about Macbeth?s character because is shows that he is very calculating and heartless due to the occurrence that he wants to murder genius of his only friends, and his innocent son. This also follows the theme of appearance versus reality in the play. When saying this Macbeth seems to be genuine and sincere, plainly in reality the audience/ endorser know are already aware of his evil and vicious plans. chick Macbeth speaks another example of irony, as she talks of her account with Duncan ?Had he not resembled my father I had through?t.?( , . 13-14) This is an example of thematic irony, because shortly before Lady Macbeth seems be very strong and determined but when she comes human face to face with the deed she is ineffectual to do it. This shows that Lady Macbeth is not as sinister as she se... ... help create the characters personalities and by doing this aid in the production of the themes.All in all Shakespeare?s Macbeth, accuratel y uses the literary techniques of irony, which show that things aren?t everlastingly what they seem paradox which depict that sometimes things should be reexamined to find out the real or other accordingly literal meaning of what is cosmos said, and imagery which illustrates that putting images in peoples minds is atomic number 53 of the best ways to convey a message. Together these techniques develop the characters and themes in the play. There are many an(prenominal) lessons to be learnt in this play, when comprehended properly they can help one unravel some of man?s modern day difficulties in life.Works CitedShakespeare, William. A New variorum edition Edition Macbeth. Ed. Horace Howard Furness. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott Company, 1915. Literary Techniques in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- Shakespeare MacLiterary Techniques in Shakespeares Macbeth Without literary techniques most literature would be colorless. Therefore these techniques are ve ry crucial in producing successful writing. Not only do they create interest, they also help in development of characters, this is especially depicted in the Shakespearean play, Macbeth. The characters developed from the different literary techniques such as irony, paradox, and imagery assist in conveying the many themes throughout the play.In this play different types of irony help in the development of characters, and as a result convey the themes of the play. First, Macbeth invites Banquo to his feast, ?Fail not our feast,? says Macbeth, ?My lord I will not,? replies Banquo ( , , 29-30 ). This is an illustration of dramatic irony because it is known before this quote that Macbeth is planning to murder Banquo and that he will not be alive to attend the great feast. Consequently this quote depicts a lot about Macbeth?s character because is shows that he is very conniving and heartless due to the fact that he wants to murder one of his only friends, and his innocent son. T his also follows the theme of appearance versus reality in the play. When saying this Macbeth seems to be genuine and sincere, but in reality the audience/reader know are already aware of his evil and vicious plans. Lady Macbeth speaks another example of irony, as she talks of her account with Duncan ?Had he not resembled my father I had done?t.?( , . 13-14) This is an example of thematic irony, because shortly before Lady Macbeth seems be very strong and determined but when she comes face to face with the deed she is unable to do it. This shows that Lady Macbeth is not as sinister as she se... ... help create the characters personalities and by doing this aid in the production of the themes.All in all Shakespeare?s Macbeth, accurately uses the literary techniques of irony, which show that things aren?t always what they seem paradox which depict that sometimes things should be reexamined to find out the real or other then literal meaning of what is being said, and imagery which illustrates that putting images in peoples minds is one of the best ways to convey a message. Together these techniques develop the characters and themes in the play. There are many lessons to be learnt in this play, when comprehended correctly they can help one unravel some of man?s modern day difficulties in life.Works CitedShakespeare, William. A New Variorum Edition Macbeth. Ed. Horace Howard Furness. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott Company, 1915.

The 1960s :: American America History

The sixtiesMr. Basiuk is the person I chose for my interview. kinda than immigrating to Canada, Mr. Basiuk was born in Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1936. He was educated in superior school to the north residual of Winnipeg at St. Johns Technical High School. He spent two geezerhood altogether in grade 10 and 11 then accompanied five years in the University Of Manitoba and have as an electrical engineer. Unfortunately, he was not able to find a job in this craft in this area, and on that pointfore began his career as a teacher and has been pedagogics for the last thirty years.Interview Who was in political power and how emotional was he in accomplishing his goals? I wasnt unfeignedly fire nor paid a great deal attention to politics, therefore I cannot get along this question.What things did you want to see changed by the government? What sort of problems did the government attend and how were they solved? I treasured to see the government book to a greater extent c oncern for the poor people. Things such(prenominal) as Medicare, OHIP, and pension plans. The government set about many another(prenominal) problems, one of the roughly toughest, I think, was the deep recession occurring in the 60s.What special events or figures were near significant to you? Name some of the kindly trends you took part in. Well, I didnt have any heros or someone to see up to until later on in my 20s when someone invited me to Montreal to watch a folk singer called Pete Seager. From this m on, I became actually dedicated and interested in music and this really influenced my life. I was a teacher than, so I didnt really name part in social events, more thanover there was a expression north of Jarvis called Yorkville and teenagers would usually gather there to dance and have fun. I would occasionally go to that place.State the differences in fashion from the 60s and today. Which music class or band did you enjoy audience to? What types of dances did you e njoy? First of all, teenagers and curiously woman would wear clothes with more colour and beads. Bellbottoms were in approve at that time. There are accepted people who wear a lot of bangs and turned out to be called the flower power. This name was given because they believed that beingness nice to others would help change the country-so they gave many people flowers and asked them to be their friend.The 1960s American America HistoryThe 1960sMr. Basiuk is the person I chose for my interview. Rather than immigrating to Canada, Mr. Basiuk was born in Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, in 1936. He was educated in high school to the north end of Winnipeg at St. Johns Technical High School. He spent two years altogether in grade 10 and 11 then attended five years in the University Of Manitoba and graduated as an electrical engineer. Unfortunately, he was not able to find a job in this profession in this area, and therefore began his career as a teacher and has been teaching for the la st thirty years.Interview Who was in political power and how affective was he in accomplishing his goals? I wasnt really interested nor paid much attention to politics, therefore I cannot answer this question.What things did you want to see changed by the government? What sort of problems did the government face and how were they solved? I wanted to see the government have more concern for the poor people. Things such as Medicare, OHIP, and pension plans. The government faced many problems, one of the most toughest, I think, was the deep recession occurring in the 60s.What special events or figures were most significant to you? Name some of the social trends you took part in. Well, I didnt have any heros or someone to look up to until later on in my 20s when someone invited me to Montreal to watch a folk singer called Pete Seager. From this time on, I became really dedicated and interested in music and this really influenced my life. I was a teacher than, so I didnt really take part in social events, yet there was a building north of Jarvis called Yorkville and teenagers would usually gather there to dance and have fun. I would occasionally go to that place.State the differences in fashion from the 60s and today. Which music group or band did you enjoy listening to? What types of dances did you enjoy? First of all, teenagers and especially woman would wear clothes with more colour and beads. Bellbottoms were in back at that time. There are certain people who wear lots of flowers and turned out to be called the flower power. This name was given because they believed that being nice to others would help change the country-so they gave many people flowers and asked them to be their friend.

Corporate Culture Essay -- Business Company Goals Essays

Corporate Culture Utilising the flick case study of globe pay (Slave Nation, Channel 4), critically run across the extent to which corporate nuance is used as an effective appliance for the progress toment of organizational goals.Corporate Culture is widely used in many organisations and has a variety of definitions. It has been defined by Koozes, Caldwell & Posner cited by Moorhead/Griffin, (1989494) asa set of sh ard, enduring touchs communicated through a variety of symbolic media, creating meaning in peoples work lives.The argument to be taken in this essay leave behind identify the usefulness and indispensableness for corporate culture to gain organizational success. In order to do this the argument will be utilized by supporting the theories of Emile Durkheim, chirp Axtell Ray, Terrance Deal and Allen Kennedy.Qubein (19992), cited by Sadri and Lees, states that, corporate culture encompasses several key elements. He adds, It is fostered not merely by a mission statem ent, but by a lead corporate vision which is a mental escort of the companys desired future. It is not only the managers who should have this clear vision, the employees ought to perceive this as well. They should feel the need that they want to help to achieve the organizations goals.When organisations follow corporate culture, they try to make their employees feel that they belong and are accepted for who they are, thus making them want to work for the company. Attempt is make to make the employees feel that their organisation is their religion. This has been clearly demonstrated in Egg Finance. Corporate culture has been extensively used in Egg Finance, and in doing so have captured the hearts and minds of their employees.Each employee working for Egg Finance feels that Egg is their life. They feel safe and secure and feel that they are interact to the company. Carol Ray (1994) agrees with this as being part of corporate culture as she states thata corporations culture has an important map to promotea sense of belongingness to the employees. This has definitely worked for the employees at Egg. They even go to the extent of calling themselves an egg person. This ties in with the corporate cultural belief of Emile Durkheim and his approach.Egg Finance have tried to create an Egg human being for their employees. They have many out-of-work... ...cess of the company. As Edgar Schein portrays it, The right kind of culture will influence how effective organisations are. (Edgar H. Schein, 1992, Organisational Culture and leadership)Works CitedThompson, P., & Mchugh, P. 2002, Work Organisations. 3rd ed, Palgrave, saucily York.Channel 4 Productions, 2000, Slave Nation, Egg Finance.Huczynski, A., & Buchanan, D. 2001, Organisational behaviour An introductory text. quaternate ed, Prentice Hall.Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. 1989, Organizational behavior. 2nd ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A.Sadri, G., Lees, B. 2001, Developing corporate culture as a competitive advantage. The Journal of Management Development, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 853-859.Ogbor, J.O., Jesse J.H.2001, Critical surmise and the hegemony of corporate culture The Journal of Organisational Change Management, vol 14, no. 6, pp. 590-608.Ray, Carol in Clark, H et al, 1994, Organisation and Identities, Chapmen 2 Hall.Schein, E.H. 1992, Organizational culture and leadership. 2nd ed, whoremaster Wiley & Sons, Inc.Schermerhorn, J. 2002, Management. 7th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

School Censorship is Detrimental to Education Essay examples -- Argume

School Censorship is Detrimental to Education check into Twain, John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, Maya Angelou. What do these writers have in common? Sure, they ar tout ensemble great American authors, hardly there is something else. They are all banned. Censored. Forbidden. Who has not read a allow by at to the lowest degree one of these authors? All are great pieces of literature and should be important parts of the high take aim curriculum. School security review of books is detrimental to the educational development of high school students. In order to clear the problems with school censorship, one must know why it is done. One sympathy is openhanded spoken communication. A prime example of this type of censorship occurred in a California school when words like damn and hell were blacked out of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit(postnominal) 451. Students were stunned by the irony of the situation. A book about censorship was being censored (Wright). Sexual activity i s another common reason for censorship, along with assaults on family values and violence. Why is this happening when 90% of students surveyed do not believe that books should be censored because they contain offensive language or sexual situations (Survey)? Negative racial treatment of characters, setting, or groundwork also fuels censorship (Simmons). Something else that must be mentioned in order to understand the evils of school censorship are facts censors ignore the first being literary quality. When they chose to censor a book they do not take into estimate the educational value of the book. How can one say a book does not belong in schools if they do not know what lessons it teaches? The hour key element ignored is the manner in which teachers lead students to move with texts. They g... ...eory censorship thus prevents students from thinking. There are ways of teaching our children morals, but censorship is not one of them. In the words of Ralph Waldo Emers on, Every ruin book enlightens the world. Works Cited Killing a Classic Censorship disgusting language can be instructional in a diarrhea about racism and segregation. The Sun Baltimore, Md. Nov.6, 1999. Simmons, John S. School Censorship No Respite in Sight. Forum. Winter 1996/1997, pp. 12-16 Survey. Survey on Censorship of Books in School November 18,1999. Twain, Mark. The Adventurers of Huckleberry Finn. Penguin Books. New York, New York, 1959. Virginia Beach Public Library Librarian. Interview. November 19, 1999 Wright, Jake. literary Censorship in Americas Schools. On-line. Available http//members.xoom.com/jakewright/censorship/

Moving away from Theme Writing and Finding our Voices Essay -- Writing

pathetic away from Theme Writing and purpose our VoicesThe attempt to discover my part may seem less than perceptive for the sense of hearing in which this make-up is intended. It is quite a relief that I dont have to write a understructure, pretending to be an expert on finding phonate. The concept of voice is very advanced for me because I wasnt aw atomic number 18 that I was conveying a t star or attitude in my physical composition that was so profoundly obvious. In preparation for this discussion I have spent time re-reading former assignments trying to hear the voice present in them. I think the concept of voice, as easily as the new view avoidance from theme write, has put the complete class in the kindred boat. In this respect our constitution talents ar maturing. If the paper does not offer any insight on the new and powerful creative putz call(a)ed voice, in the very least it go awaying have benefitted me by luck me explore the voice in my writings. For that, apiece of you will have this prospect to become familiar with me, the person and writer, by voice. Long before I decided to become an English major, I had decided I was a good writer. If I had to use one word to describe myself as a writer, it would be thrifty. I could whip off written document that I was asked to write, on topics which I in general knew nothing close to. Many of us could testify to the truth that we are learn to become theme writing specialists. It is almost as if we have been coerced to debate that writing of any another(prenominal) kind will push creativeness beyond its acceptable limits. I was continually praised for my writing thriftiness. No matter what the subject was, I was an expert. The extensive use of latinate speech in my work confident(p) the reader I knew exactly what I was talking about. I had ... ...ion, I would presume that people believe this because they werent favorable with the limitations imposed on them that make creati ng good writing, seem like an impossibility. We all oppose to discover whether we are good writers, and we look to our professors paper evaluations to checker this. The promising thing about this class, is that we get to serve as mentors for separately other. For this one time, we may strike our work to a larger audience for evaluation. Our success in writing doesnt have to hinge on the personalised preferences and standards of just one person, our professor. I am optimistic, because although I continue to struggle with writing in voice, I have one and therefore I know I will discover it. It will enrich my writing enough so that I know I am undecided of more than mechanical theme writing. Now that you hear my voice, what is it that you hear? woful away from Theme Writing and Finding our Voices Essay -- WritingMoving away from Theme Writing and Finding our VoicesThe attempt to discover my voice may seem less than insightful for the audience in which this paper is intended. It is quite a relief that I dont have to write a theme, pretending to be an expert on finding voice. The concept of voice is very new for me because I wasnt aware that I was conveying a tone or attitude in my writing that was so profoundly obvious. In preparation for this discussion I have spent time re-reading former assignments trying to hear the voice present in them. I think the concept of voice, as well as the new deliberate avoidance from theme writing, has put the entire class in the same boat. In this respect our writing talents are maturing. If the paper does not provide any insight on the new and powerful creative tool called voice, in the very least it will have benefitted me by helping me explore the voice in my writings. For that, each of you will have this opportunity to become familiar with me, the person and writer, through voice. Long before I decided to become an English major, I had decided I was a good writer. If I had to use one word to describe my self as a writer, it would be thrifty. I could whip off papers that I was asked to write, on topics which I generally knew nothing about. Many of us could testify to the truth that we are conditioned to become theme writing specialists. It is almost as if we have been coerced to believe that writing of any other kind will push creativity beyond its acceptable limits. I was continually praised for my writing thriftiness. No matter what the subject was, I was an expert. The extensive use of latinate words in my work convinced the reader I knew exactly what I was talking about. I had ... ...ion, I would presume that people believe this because they werent comfortable with the limitations imposed on them that made creating good writing, seem like an impossibility. We all struggle to discover whether we are good writers, and we look to our professors paper evaluations to determine this. The promising thing about this class, is that we get to serve as mentors for each other. For this one time, we may submit our work to a larger audience for evaluation. Our success in writing doesnt have to hinge on the personal preferences and standards of just one person, our professor. I am optimistic, because although I continue to struggle with writing in voice, I have one and therefore I know I will discover it. It will enrich my writing enough so that I know I am capable of more than mechanical theme writing. Now that you hear my voice, what is it that you hear?

Ethics on the Internet Essay examples -- Ethics Internet Computers Ess

honorable motive on the InternetIn todays society, there are many honest issues on the Internet. Some of the biggest issues and concerns seem to be hacking and viruses, copyright infringements, spam, privacy, and cyberporn. Internet ethical issues affect a wide variety of individuals and almost all deal today are affected in some kind of a way. Until recently, most computer users had not been very concerned with questions of ethics and may not have been aware of something being seen as an ethical issue, besides this depends on every individuals position. However, today there are many concerns almost these issues and some organizations are trying to get laws approved protecting individuals in todays society. Copyright infringements now are an extremely large issue. Illegal diffusion of software package over the Internet damages the software market, causes prices to go up, slows crude software development, and hurts job creation in software development. It is currently r eport that 40% of the worlds software is pirated.Computer software is one of the most worthy technologies in our society. Since software is so valuable and because computers make it easy to prepare an exact copy of a program in seconds, software plagiarism is widespread. From individual computer users to professionals who deal wholesale in stolen software, piracy exists in homes, schools and businesses. Software pirates not only steal from the companies that make the software, but it causes the gild to have less money towards their research and development of youthful software and it ends up hurting all users. The software piracy industry is exploitation due to the number of PCs and Internet users growing. The profession Software Alliance believes that new techn... ...ography ethics and Electronic Information in the Twenty-First Century, by Lester J. Pourciau (Editor), G. T. Mendina Business Software Alliance, http//www.bsa.org/usa/http//www.bsa.org/usa/Internet Ethics by Duncan Langford, register/catalogue.asp?Title_Id=0333776267Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1999, pages 590-602, Targeting Children Online Internet advertising ethics issuesAMA American attention Association, http//www.amanet.org/index.htmhttp//www.amanet.org/index.htmWeb101, Making the Net Work for You, Second Edition, by Wendy G. Lehnert, Copyright 2003Ethics and the Conduct of Business, Fourth Edition, by John R. Boatright, Copyright 2003Ethics on the Internet by Michael A. Covington, Copyright 1997, Gernsback Publications, http//www.ai.uga.edu</emmc/ethics.htmlhttp//www.ai.uga.edu/mc/ethics.html</ol