Examining Murder And Unlawful Killing On People Criminology Essay

Examining despatch And Un truthful Killing On People Criminology EssayInvestigative psychology is an flak the police sh ar in order to inspect lamentable behavior. This public figure of psychology is mainly used to answer significant questions that arise during the process of criminal investigations. When checking a finishence mental picture there atomic number 18 terce main questions running through with(predicate) the minds of the detectives what argon the behavioural features of the perpetrator, what ar the characteristics of the wrongdoer, and is it possible that there argon other abuses affiliated by the aforementi aned(prenominal) wrongdoer. According to Jillian Robbins (Stvirtuoso, 2009l) the behavior of the criminal at the time of the incident is one of the scoop let expose forms of evidence to a typesetters case. She reports that there be three most-valuable behavioral traits that all detectives understand out for slice inspecting a villainy sce ne the modus operandi, the mite and the typology of the wrongdoer.The modus operandi or MO refers to the way the offender be passs or acts while act to carry out his crime successfully. Offenders comm nevertheless off believe a strong liking to perform the perfect crime, or to give way a crime without corroborateting caught. As the offender gains fellowship with each crime he commits, the MO leave behind as well spay until the effective method is found. This delegacy that an offenders MO will changes through a series of learned behaviors. Richard Quinney points out that police researchers ar practised to recognize the MO of the offender exclusively not to solely use the MO to link crimes together. (Clinard, Quinney, 1973) He admits that it is difficult not to jump to conclusions when dealing with identical MOs, especially when the crimes are miserly in localisation of function, but states that including any evidence without unreasonable doubt is a serious poli ce error.A signature, commonly referred to as mostbodyation, describes any unusual details at the scene of the crime other than the ones actually indispensabilityed to commit the crime. Most offenders will leave identical marks at the scenes of each crime they commit. The mark could cheat from anything like writing on the walls at the scene of the crime to placing the victims body in unusual positions. The signature has a higher level of importance to the investigator because it is directly related to the cognitive process that is rum to each offender. (Stone, 2009)The typology is the last major behavioral pattern used to identify the offender. There are three main categories of typologies undoing, stage and trophy. Undoing is when the offender psychologically tries to undo the crime scene. This behavioral pattern is around commonly found in offenders who get distraught after the shoemakers last of their victim. There are umteen contrastive ways that the offenders will tr y to deal with the psychological impact or realization of their crime. any(prenominal) offenders try to return the victim back to a naturally looking state such as laying them down in bed with a pillow under their issue or change them in clean c sighthes. Other offenders may try to dehumanize the victim by each get the better of the victims face in, covering the face with material or rolling the victim facedown. In these examples the offender is trying to veil the identity of the victim in order to make the crime less(prenominal) mortalal. (Akers, 1994) The blink of an eye course of instruction of typology is staging. Staging is intentionally altering the crime scene in hopes to distract the investigators. Michael Stone (Stone, 2009) points out that staging is committed by someone other than the offender to either mislead the investigators away from the suspect, or to value the victims family. The most commonly reported reason for staging is to cover up autoeroticism or the self-arousal and self- happiness of a sexual desire without a partner. (Ellis, 1906) The four causes of autoeroticism are autoerotic hanging, aqua eroticism, chemical eroticism and self-suffocation. All forms result in a want of oxygen that increases sexual stimulation. Two-thirds of the families of these victims stage the crime scene and reposition the body for the victim to look more(prenominal) than presentable to authorities. (Ellis, 1906) The last typology is trophy. Offenders who are graphic symbold with a trophy typology are those who take a meaningful souvenir from the victim to either remember or to control the crime scene. The trophy could be anything from a picture of the victim to a body part. It is important to note that a trophy typology could be part of the offenders signature.The abutting evidence the investigators look at while inspecting the crime is the organization of the scene. The way the crime scene looks after a crime tells a lot about the offender . There are three roles of crime scenes organized, disorganized and mixed. An organized crime scene shows that the offender maintained control during the eat up. Profilers conclude that an offender of an organized crime scene most likely selected his victim on a circumstantial basis. An example would be a nonparallel sea wolf who selected only victims with blonde hair and blue eyes. Offenders of organized cut up crime scenes turn out been visibilityd and interestingly have been sort out with specific character traits. These offenders commonly have above ordinary to genius IQ levels, are socially adequate, sexually competent, had inconsistent childishness discipline, maintained control during the crime, used alcohol during the crime, live with a partner and have a car that runs in good condition. These offenders plan their crimes methodically. They abduct their victims and pop out them in one locations and banish of the body elsewhere, they are likely to lure their vict ims with ploys of sympathy, they commonly target prostitutes, they demand submission from their victim, they have a high go to sleepledge of forensics and are able to cover their track and they take pride in their exertions and embody their case in the media. When questioned, friends and family much describe the offender of organized crime scene as sympathetic and unlikely to hurt anyone. (Bordua, 1962)Disorganized crime scenes prove that the offender most likely committed the crime without premeditation. This shows that the crime was committed under impulse or out of extreme rage. This offender likely murders whenever the probability arises having no specific criteria in picking a victim. This offender may have a annals of mental problems and is in almost all cases socially inadequate. Often the body is left at the rank of death and there are no signs of the offender trying to cover their tracks. Profilers report that disorganized crime scene offenders have below average IQ levels, do not hold down clienteles, are sexually incompetent, are anxious during the crime, live alone, crap or live near the crime scene, have a minimal interest in by-line the crime in the news, leave a stochastic/sloppy crime scene, commit sexual acts after the death of the victim, leave the body in raft of others to see and very much leave the weapon behind.A mixed crime scene is one in which there are evidence of an organized is and a disorganized crime scene. The offender usually starts off with an organized intention but when something unplanned interrupts, strays away from his plans and becomes disorganized. Not all crime scenes have the same level of organization to them, it varies for every scene.After the investigators collect all information based on the characteristics of the crime, they so use the information in a process of compose. There are twain approaches to write, the nomothetic approach where statistics from a large number of previous offenders are t aken and profilers look for a pattern, or the idiographic approach where the profiler takes once case study and intensely analyzes it. One type of profiling is criminal profiling. bend profiling analyzes the temper traits, habits, features and behavioral patterns found at the crime scene in order to ramp up a description of the offender. This practice is to a fault cognize as crime scene analysis. When using a nomothetic approach to criminal profiling the investigator is able to see more details because of the general distribution, but less about the offender themselves. When using the idiographic approach to criminal profiling the investigator comes up with detailed information on the offender. It is almost as if the investigator knows the offender inside and out. A flaw to this method is that the investigator is unable to compare the offender to other offenders which leads to the possibility of forcing a profile on an offender it does not belong to. This phenomena is knows as confirmation bias or fitting the pieces that work and ignoring the ones that do not work. Another form of profiling is geographic profiling. Geographic profiling is used to congeal either the area of residence of the offender or to predict the area of the next possible crime. This form of profiling is basically done to sire which geographic location the offender feels most comfortable in and prefers to take victims in. (Beauregard, Proulx, Rossmo, 2005) Profiling is extremely usefully to investigators especially in multiple murder crimes. With the use of this system, authorities are able to narrow down pack and locations in catch the offenders forrader they strike again. Dr. Grover Godwin believes that obtaining the shit plus the abduction site drastically improves the ability to pin point the offenders rest home of residence. The downfall to geographical profiling is that profilers need at least five crimes to find a pattern. This means that the offender continues to take lives before this process can take effect. Many profilers argue that when the offender exhibits some form of mental sickness at the scene of the crime such as sadistic torture, evisceration, postmortem slashing and cutting, and other mutilations, the profiling of serious offenders is more successful. This is a result based from the theory that when a person is mentally imbalanced they demonstrate the greatest consistency in behavior from situation to situation.Another strategy the investigators use to groom the offender is the psychological autopsy. This is a reconstructive psychological evaluation that differs from profiling. Here the profiling is done on a dead person, and the identity of the person is already known. There are two types of psychological autopsies. The branch type is self-destruction psychology autopsy and it is used to understand and identify factors that contribute to the suicide. The second type is the equivocal death psychological autopsy and it is used to determine the reason of the death.In both the suicide psychological autopsy and the equivocal death psychological autopsy, a forensic psychologist is hired. The forensic psychologist looks at the spiritednessstyles, behavioral history, personality traits, and the amount of psychological pain the victim was in. They conduct interviews with family, friends, and batch who knew the victim. The forensic psychologist also looks through the victims personal documents in order to get a better understanding of the cause of death. Once the investigators know the reasoning behind the murder they are able to start narrowing down suspects.Now that we have a base understanding of the strategies investigators use to expose offenders, it is time to compare and define each opposite kinfolk of multiple murder offenders. First off, multiple murders are the killing of many people either in the same occurrence or over a terminus of time. Although these neverthelessts are rare, they are super pu blicized and remain in the memories of many people. There are three classifications of multiple murderers nonparallel murderers, fortune murderers and spree murderers.A serial murderer is when one person kills a minimum of three people over time. The time period contains a cooling off period in which the offender will not kill the next victim for weeks, months or sometimes sluice grades. This cooling off period is the main difference between serial murderers and other multiple murderers. The majority of serial murderers are maven light staminates who are highly intelligent with above average IQ levels. They commonly have tiff holding down jobs and come from unstable homes where typically the father abandoned the family and the mother raised the children. They are practicallytimes abused physically, mentally or emotionally and the abuse is usually by an older male figure that the offenders mother brought in to replace to offenders father. As children, serial murderers commo nly display what has come to be known as the triad being fascinated with fire setting, bedwetting after the age of 12, and displaying sadistic activities or the torture of small animals. They show characteristics of anti-social personality disorder at a young age and they move to lack empathy and guilt when disciplined and are egocentric and impulsive. The crime scene left by a serial murderers may be organized or disorganized.Serial murders are known to kill for different springs. Hagan categorizes the motives of the offenders into three groups visionary, mission orientated and hedonistic. (Hagan, 2010) A visionary motive is when the offender suffers from a psychotic unveil and believes that another person or even god or the devil instructs them to kill. A mission oriented motive is when the offender justifies his act by saying they are ridding the world of a specific type of person, an example being homosexuals or prostitutes. These offenders are not psychotic they are only ou t to change the nature of society. An offender with a hedonistic motive seeks thrill and pleasure from killing. They see people as expendable. There are three different types of hedonistic motives lustfulness, thrill, comfort and power/control. A hedonistic lust motive shows sex as the primary motif. Fantasy plays a large role in these killings. It doesnt offspring to the offender if the victim is dead or alive while committing sexual acts. Offenders report sexual gratification levels raised the more tortured and mutilated the victim is. The weapons of choice are usually those that require close hustle. The time between each murder decreases as the offender continues to kill. The second hedonistic motive is thrill. rosiness murderers primary motif is to induce pain of cause terror to the victim. They seek adrenalin rushes by track down and killing their victims. These offenders kill just for the thrill of it and have no sexual aspect to the murder. The victims are strangers alt hough the killer may have followed the victim for a period of time. These killers can abstain from killing for long periods of time. They meliorate their murder method after each kill in an attempt to become more successful. The next hedonistic motive is comfort. A comfort offender kills for a material gain or for a more comfortable lifestyle. The victims are usually family members or friends. After the murder the offender usually waits a long period of time before killing again to lower suspicion levels. The offenders are usually females and kill with envenom. Most comfort killers have previous convictions for fraud, embezzlement or theft. The last hedonistic motive is power/control in which the offender kills to exert power over the victim. These offenders were usually abused as children, causing an inadequate or powerless feeling as an adult. The offenders often sexually abuse the victims but the abuse is not motivated by lust, it is motivated by domination.Female serial murder ers are categorize separately wherefore male serial murderers because of the drastic differences between them. Only one-third of female serial killers killed strangers (Benekos, 1995) compared to males who almost always killed strangers. The victims of female serial killers are almost always husbands, ex-husbands, or current lovers. They murder for personal gain such as insurance benefits, will allocations or estate. Sexual or sadistic motives are extremely rare and psychopathic traits and documentation of child abuse is commonly reported in these offenders. The method of preferred killing is usually poison or low profile. Evidence suggests that females are less violent and less aggressive. Female serial killers are known to have a borderline personality disorder and a lack of empathy. Female serial murdering is very rare and the rate of re-crime is less often than males.Profilers report that there are greatest risk areas for serial killers to pick their victims from. Jenkins (199 4) suggests that the availability of perspective victims and the attitudes of law enforcement agencies toward those victims play a crucial role when choosing a victim. Reports show that serial murderers pick their emf victims on the basis of easy escape and the vulnerability level of the victim. The prefer killing in a place with easy access and the option to leave the vicinity without causing alarm. Urban subcultures and areas with isolated landscape are the most preferred killing location. Areas that contain high levels or elderly or poor people are the second preferred location. The derelict areas within a city appear to be a common target location, also young women in or near a college campus. Victims are often prostitutes, runaways and homosexuals.Most serial killing has occurred in the western states suggesting that it is a result of lifestyle, economic conditions and availability of potential victims. Serial killers tend to select victims near their homes or workplaces. 14 p ercent of serial killers use their homes or workplaces as the preferred location, whereas another 52 percent commit their murders in the same general location or region, such as the same neighborhood or city. (Hickey) All serial offenders are classified as having one of four different track down patterns hunter, poacher, troller, and trapper. The hunter chooses his victim near his place of residence. The poacher travels to another location to find his victim. The troller meets his victim in an opportunistic manner and the trapper has a job which allows him to meet his victim in the area he happens to be working in.Although it is most common for serial killers to be while, Walsh found that n primal 22% or serial killers in the United States have been vague. He points out the there is extensive media coverage of white serial killers in the United States, but black serial killing goes unpublicized. The extensive media coverage of Bundy, Gacy, and Berkowitz cases have do these kille rs almost household names, but African Americans such as Watts, Johnson, Francois, and Wallace are practically unknown, despite having operated within the same general framework (1980s and 1990s). (Walsh, 2005)The second type of multiple murderers is known as the mass murderer. A mass murderer is a person who kills three or more case-by-cases with-out a cooling off period. These offenders intentionally and indiscriminately kill often trying to exterminate entire groups of communities. The victims are often picked due to their ethnicity or religion. The killing occurs in one single location and the killer often commits suicide after completing the act. Mass murderers are dual-lane into five different groups perverted love, politics and hate, revenge/workplace, product tampering and school shootings. The different groups relate to the reasoning behind the offender when killing.A perverted love offender kills out of depression. There are two different types of perverted love offender s family murder/suicide and family killing. Family murder/ suicide are when an individual is unable to differential between himself and his family. He sees his family members as part of himself. He believes that if he isnt able to find happiness for himself then his extended self (family) is unable to find happiness also. This offender will kill his entire family before fetching his own life. He truly believes he is saving his family from future suffering. This offender is egocentric and does not allow the family to have a different opinion that he does. The second type or perverted love is family killing. This offender kills to protect his family. The killing does not involve suicide. An example of family killing is a father of his daughters son killing his entire family when his wife threatens to divorce him. His reasoning for killing was to protect the family name.The next type of mass murder is classified under politics and hate. This type of murder is more commonly known as s uicide bombers. The offenders believe that they are doing well for the world because they are eliminating a number of people who have different views than they do. The offender is usually single, between the ages of 17 and 33 and has some or full high school education. The victims are random. A different, subtype under suicide bombers are set and run killers. They have the same intentions as suicide bombers but or else of taking their own life they set killing devices in motion and flee.A different reasoning behind mass murder is revenge. These offenders want to payback someone who has humiliated them. They do not accept blame for their actions but instead are irrational and blame others. The revenge offender is known as the disgruntled employee. These offenders see their rush as the only meaningful part of their lives. The attack usually formulates when the offender sees his salary or term as disappearing or having no chance for opportunity. They are incapable of coping with the ir problems by change. The average age of this killer is 38 he experiences frequent chronic isolation and has no significant criminal record. His assault is planned and his victims are specifically chosen. The victims appear to be either the boss of the offender, a fellow worker who recently received a promotion, or a socially adequate co-worker.The fourth categories of mass murders are those involved with product tampering. These offenders sabotage a commercial product usually for commercial gain. The offender usually expects financial gain either through litigation on behalf of the victim (wrongful death), through extortion, or through business operations. (Ressler, 1992) The most common method of product tampering it to inject cyanide into products. Cyanide is the poison of choice because of its potency and availability. When news gets out that there is a problem with a product, many cases are outlaw(prenominal)ly filed by false complaints from people seeking monetary claims.Sch ool shootings are the last category of mass murder. School shootings are very rare but highly publicized. Investigations show that there are two common characteristics of school shooters peer rejection and social rejection. 70% of school shooters were termed loners by fellow classmates. 62% abused drugs or alcohol and 43% were bullied by others. (Bordua, 1962) These offenders have a history of force including personnel toward people, humans and property. They often report having violent fantasies, atypical depression and mixed personality disorders. School shooters typically kill in pairs, have easy access to firearms, and have told at least one person about their plan to kill which is typically very detailed. Other students usually encourage the attacks. The victims of school shooters are usually students who bullied, harassed or picked on the offender. Almost of school shooters made suicidal gestures before attacking. The academic standings of school shooters range from failing to excellent. The family situation or home life of the offender may range from very good to bad, and most offenders engage in some behavior that caused concern of indicated a need for help.The next type of multiple murderers is the spree killer. A spree offender kills two or more victims in a short duration without a cooling off period. They kill at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders. (US Bureau of Justice Statistics) It is the lack of the cooling off period that marks the difference between spree killers and serial killers.Lastly is the angel of death. The angel of death is a person who makes a career out of killing others. They are usually drawn to the medical fields. These offenders will take the life of their patient only because they have the power to. They make the death look to others like a natural cause when the reality is that the person would have made it. Something they torture their victims with unusual medications. These offenders have pa thological interests in the power of life and death.Now we are termination to make a transition from pre-identification of the offender to a method of understanding the reasoning behind to offenders action after they have been caught. The investigator will first ask the offender series of questions relating back to their childhood until the present day. This is to get an understanding of why the offender believes he murdered. This will also show the lifestyles of the offender and aid in future research of early risk factors. Next the offender will be tested for any psychotic disorders and then will undergo a forensic hypnosis. The hypnosis can work out forward long-forgotten or even repressed childhood memories. This process will either cause mesmerizing hyper amnesia which is the enhancement or revival of memory or it will cause non-hypnotic hyper amnesia which is the revival of memories through non-hypnotic methods such as free association, fantasy and recall techniques. The investigator will try to obtain as many specific details as possible from the offender to help with future research. regrettably there is restrict research available on and multiple murder situations where the offender commits suicide. This is because the facts and resources are limited to anything left behind by the offender instead of documented reporting straight from the offender himself.Up to this point we have been discussing the methods of investigation and the characteristics and profiles of each type of multiple murderers. Now we are overtaking to look at a few famous cases of multiple murderers and point out the evidence of crime scene investigation, profiling, and classification into serial killing, mass murder or spree murder.The first case we are going to look at is Ted Bundy. Ted Bundy fits the typical serial killer classification to a T. He is a white male who is in his 20s or 30s and experienced an atypical childhood. He went on a three course killing spree event ually confessing to 30 different murders. He used his good looks to lure victims and often pretended he was injured to get sympathy. When looking at the personality of Ted Bundy he displays certain early risk factors. He was born to an unwed mother whose parents wanted to avoid the social stigma of having an illegitimate grandchild born to a young mother. As a result Teds grandparents claimed him as their own and Ted grew up accept that his mother was actually his sister. No one knows who his biological father was and he was not told the truth about his mother until his second year of college.Another early risk factor for Bundy was that he began showing violence at only 15 years old. His Aunt Julia recalls an incident of lying down for a mess in her home and waking up to find knives surrounding her and a smiling three year old Bundy at her side. He was assumed to have picked up some of his ways by following his grandfather as a role model. His grandfather was known to have torture d animals, abuse the family dog, and was even said to have swung the neighborhood cats around by their tails. Ted was said to have been fascinated my mutilating animals. He was known to be a habitual liar. He compulsively stole and shoplifter. He later claimed that he was also involved in voyeurism at a young age specifically by peeping into peoples windows and was arrested twice as a juvenile. Although it is impossible to predict who will become a serial killer, Bundy portrayed many prophetical behaviors including cruelty to animals, bedwetting, lying, drugs and alcohol abuse, and an extended history of violence.Anti-social personality disorder is a mental disorder delimitate as the essential feature for the diagnosis is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violations of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. (Clinard, Quinney, 1973) Deceit and manipulation are considered essential features in this disorder. The indiv idual must be age 18 or older as well as have a documented history of a conduct disorder before the age of 15. People having anti-social personality disorders are also know as sociopaths and psychopaths. Bundy had many aspects of anti-social personality disorder. He failed to conform to social norms. When he began sneaking out of his house and peeping into other peoples windows he reported those behaviors to be sexually arousing and often masturbated while doing them. He was deceitful. He had a disregard for safety of others. He occasionally would disable a womans car to make her more vulnerable, without actually doing anything to her. (Hickey, 1997) He lacked remorse. He brutally murdered thirty women and was so irrational about it he did not believe he did anything wrong. Bundy suffered from both psychopathic disorders and antisocial personality disorder. He was classified as manic depressive and a narsopath. He showed symptoms of the psychopathic triad (bedwetting, fire setting, and torturing animals).Bundy used the same hunting pattern nearly every time. He drove a VW Beetle in which he would direct the passenger seat when he went out hunting. He used his wit and charm on females to get them to come over to his car and then he would beat each girl over the head with an iron crow ward off. The semi-conscious victim was then dragged out of the car and driven to Bundys murder site, Taylor Mountain. He would then displace a mask on and use hand cuffs or rope to give his victims and even more helpless appeal. He chose his murder destination wisely because he knew he would be unruffled while he raped and killed. After finishing, Bundy would bury the body and drive back home to Seattle to absorb his respectable life.Although Bundy displayed many patterns of hunting, he was classified as a Troller mainly because he would be out and randomly encounter his next victim which he would then stalk until ready to kill. He also showed characteristics of a trapper by luring young women to his aid with a fake cast, posing as a police officer, and using his charm to seduce and take advantage of his victims. Bundy kept body parts to proceed the high he got from killing. This classifies him as a trophy offender. His modus operandi was clubbing women over the head with an iron bar and strangling them.Having a troublesome childhood and being lied to at an early age put Bundy at risk for conduct disorders. He was then made fun of at school and only dated twice in his life before reaching college. He did not want the order of a woman but only the popularity that came along with having one. He walked around with beautiful females just for the attention, just to be noticed. He did not trust women throughout his life. He lacked a good bond with females and unite that with his very stimulated sexual nature took out his anger towards females in the wrong way.The next case I want to look at is the aquilege High School massacre. On April 20, 1999 two stude nts of Columbine High School, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, led a massacre which killed 13 people and injured 21 others before taking their own lives.Early warning signs arose when Eric Harris first created a private website on American Online where he affix blogs which told of his anger against society. He included death threats about a former friend of his, Brooks Brown. He also had a blog about his negative thoughts towards parents, school and his friends. He began writing how-tos including how to cause shenanigan and how to make explosives. He blogged about the detailed trouble that himself and Dylan were causing.His blogs were very low profile and no one really knew or payed much attention to the boys writings until Brooks Browns mother was informed of the website and read the death threats against her son. Browns mother made multiple complaints to the sheriff department about the site but wasnt taken seriously until it was di