Historical Development of Nursing Timeline

Historical Development of breast feeding Timeline Olga NUR/513 Historical Development of breast feeding Timeline Nursing is an art and a science. This coexistence assists in the development and advancement of explosive charge for to a higher level of sea captain rehearse. The art of care for stresss interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the long-suffering, empathy, and dedication to feel for for a patient. The science is the foundation of nurse that guides treat care establish upon the latest scientific discoveries within the treat and other related disciplines such as medication, psychology, and social sciences (Walker & Avant, 2011).In biblical times, female members of societies were responsible for caring for ill. in that location was neither organized care, nor science behind the methods of caring the approaches were passed among the women and were centered on their religious views on sickness and health. The people who proposed care were untrained a nd frequently belonged to the lowest economic classes, such as slaves. The initial organized groups who performed care for care were male nursing orders in 1300s, such as the Knights of St. throne of Jerusalem (Anderson, 1981).During the 16th and 17th century, nursing jobs fell into dark ages adequate synonymous with alcoholism, prostitution, and the waste of society (Anderson, 1981, p. 20). The first nursing school, the Deaconess School of Nursing at Kaiserwerth, Ger galore(postnominal) was established in 1836. Physicians instructed nursing students about bedside care and how to provide nursing care (Anderson, 1981). The development of nursing science is traced back to Florence nightingale, whose sign study Notes of Nursing (1859) represents the first nursing conjecture (George, 2011). Nightingale back up her nursing experiences with statistical data.Nightingales analysis of the positive impact of a clean environment on decreasing morbidity and mortality among the soldiers during the Crimean warfare became the model for changing the nursing practice from an art to a conspiracy of art and science (Burns, Grove, 2007). Nightingale established nursing program at St. Thomas Hospital in London that correlate nursing theory and practice. This school became a model for nursing education. The medicine continued to provide nursing guidelines and influenced nursing practice. The nurses remained relegated to the status of obedience servant to the authoritarian doctors.The nurses were stimulate to obey the physicians orders faithfully, never be guilty of reservation suggestions to the doctor, since she nurse is there to carry out his physician orders (Walker & Holmes, 2008, p. 111). The lack of preparation and education among the nurses was obvious. Universities began establishing nursing programs throughout the United States. The University of Texas (1894), the Columbia University (1899), the University of Minnesota (1908), and others opened schools of nursin g (Anderson, 1981). In 1923, Teachers College at Columbia University offered the first educational nursing program at doctorial level.The first masters degree in nursing was established in 1929 at Yale University (Burns & Grove, 2007). During the 1940s, the nursing literature continued to emphasize the practicable skills of the nursing. Most of the existing manuals viewed nursing as the hand and medicine as the head as its primary signifier (Walker, Holmes, 2008, 114). In fifties, the first nursing theorists were graduates from the Columbia Universitys Teachers College educational programs. Their theories were based on practical nursing. The focus of these theories was the patients needs.Peplau (1952/1988) presented interpersonal relations in nursing theory (George, 2011). In 1959, Hall presented care, core, and cure theory, where caring and nurturing for a patient were interconnected with patients ability to make decisions of therapeutic use of self (George, 2011, p. 183). umtee n of the nursing leaders in this era recognized that nursing science and theory development were needed to change the status of nursing from a career to a profession (Walker & Avant, 2011). The theories developed during the 1960s focused on the relationships between the nurse and the patient.The theorists from Yale School, such as Henderson and Orlando, proposed their theories. Henderson in 1960, defined nursing as assisting and help for the respective(prenominal)s, focusing on the individual plan of care (George, 2011, p. 89). Orlandos 1961 theory, The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship Function, Process, and Principles described nursing as an interactional process between the nurse and the individual patient within the spry situation. Orlando shifted the focus of nursing from assisting the physician to assisting the patient, and promoted the independence of nursing (George, 2011). In 1965, the American NursingAssociation recommended two levels of nursing education, the baccalau reate and the associate, to distinguish the education for a passkey nursing from that of the technical nursing profession. During the same time frame, the amount of nursing research was increasing. Nurses became involved in the development of frameworks for nursing practice guidelines (Burns & Grove, 2007). During the 1970s, many nursing theories were revised. Rogers, King, Orem, Neuman, and Watson symbolized this era of nursing theorists. Their theories provided the foundation for the nursing profession, integrating arts, science, and doctrine into nursing.They focused on human behavior and emphasized the complexity of nursing. The theorists presented the individual as the whole system of the physiological, psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and spiritual elements (George, 2011 Burns & Grove, 2007). The development of the nursing during 1980s was characterized by increased nursing research. Many theories were revised and red-hot theories were proposed. The theories of Erickso n, Benner, Leininger, Orem, Roy, King, Watson, Levine, and others represent this era (Burns & Grove, 2007).The 1990s was characterized by an increasing number of diaphragm range theories that provided guidelines for evidence-based nursing practice. During this time the nursing theories took an international approach with publications and conferences (George, 2011). passim the decades, the development of nursing science was influenced by other disciplines, such as religion, philosophy, psychology, anthropology, and social sciences. Religion blamed diseases as a punishment for sins. philosophical system knowledge base of truth, mind, language, and values, widely affected nursing development.Conceptual models in nursing are the examples of the influence of philosophy on the nursing. For example, Rogers model explained the disposition of the human beings (Burns & Grove, 2007). Watsons theory reflects philosophical beliefs of caring. Nursing ethics took its origins from the philosoph y. psychological science as the study of mind and behavior was used by the nursing theorists. For example, Roy and Roberts (1981) created the theory of adaptation model by deriving it from the psychophysics theory of Helson (1964) (Walker & Avant, 2011). Florence Nightingale ushered in a new era in nursing.Prior to her, there was no science behind the methods of caring. Nurses were associated with alcoholism, prostitution, and the waste of society. The mid-19th century saw the beginning of nursing schools. Florence Nightingale was credited with writing the first nursing theory, but since the 1950s nursing theories have proliferated. Nursing science and knowledge has flourished ushering in a new era in nursing, changing the status of nursing from a career to a profession. References Anderson, N. E. (1981). The Historical Development of American Nursing Education. diary of Nursing Education, 20(1), 18 36.Burns, N. & Grove, S. K. (2007). Understanding nursing research Building an evi dence-based practice (4th ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri Saunders. George, J. B. (2011). Nursing theories The base for professional nursing practice (6th ed. ). Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc. Walker, K. & Holmes, C. A. (2008). The order of things Tracing a history of the present through a re-reading of the past in nursing education. Contemporary Nurse, 30, 106 118. Walker, L. O. & Avant, K. C. (2011). Strategies for theory construction in nursing (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson/Prentice Hall.