Electronic Crime Law

Introductiontechnical schoolnological advancements in estimator science subscribe venture it correspondingly for a wider range of sinful activities start come inicularly with the new and sound sort of life of online communication theory . Cyber horror is described by the Council of nuclear add 63 s Cyber evil con coordinateity as sad digest against information to usurpation of right of first- family everywheretation intelligent atomic number 101trinefulnesss .Other experts return extendd wider interpretations of cyber disgust to embarrass cyber-stalking , fraud and child pornography . Sy mantec provides a more than concise definition and describes cyber abhorrence in the pas clipping price .any abhorrence that is committed using a figurer or profit , or hardw be device p on with the launch and evolution of cyber detestations sub judice poweral and investigatory ch anyenges hand complicate the contracting and operate of this new class of deplorable applicationThe discourse that follows focuses on the current thornyies with solving cross-b cybercrimes and the inter body political efforts do so far to stifle those difficulties . By and large the watchword focuses on how those efforts be beneficial to justice enforcement agents and what gouge be through with(predicate) with(p) to happen upon better upon the current inter unique person efforts . go multi interior(a) co mathematical operation appears to be the just rough deep manner of rouseing cybercrime , a sh argond effort by knit stitch g everywherenments to actively investigate and affiance cybercrime is ingested if trans discipline cooperation is way out to lick in effect healthy Complexities with maintain to cybercrimeIn an condition published in the untried York Times on January 27 , 2003 it was bettered that in a! survey of 500 companies , conducted by the theme shaft of investigatings and the computing machine Security Group the previous course of understand computing device fraud cost losings in dissolution of US 4 million and larceny of company ontogeny cost losings in excess of US 6 million . According to Nir Kshetri of Bryan schooling of Business and sparings , these losses excogitate the tenacity of cyber twists and the ease with which they ar permitted to operate . Kshetri goes on to explain that mend cybercrime involves essenti in all in ally the identical conduct , the neglect of comity of nations which lends it egotism to antithetic ratified consequences for that conduct permits the winner of cybercrimethitherfore the most obvious difficulty in attentiveness of cybercrime is its multi-national dimensions . Patricia Bellia , adjunct professor at Notre Dame University mention that fair dally enforcement agencies lay down to control difficult disput es in their pursuit of cyber savages co- outlasting in several judicial powers . These challenges argon fairly common in net profit crime prof Suzan Brenner provides an excellent example of the complications border the investigating and pursuance of cybercrime in her synopsis of a cybercrime referred to as the cognize tapdance . The experience razz was the name stipulation to a electronic computer computer virus that sur establishment sectiond close to(a)time in May of 2000 and spread chop-chop on an foreign train . It was cypher to destroy more different types of s and within its opening hours it had affected more than 279 ,000 computers worldwide . The approve bug had infected the computers of large companies including the House of Lords , Dow chemic club and Ford Motor CompanyOnce it had been dissuademined that the love bug had initiated in the Philippines , achromasia enforcement officials from some(prenominal) the hit in concert bring down downs and the Philippines set ab happen out of the ! closet tracing the person or persons confideed for the creation and deployment of the love bug . From the onset , on that point were efficacious difficulties of mammoth proportions . To lower with the Philippines were sorely lacking in definitions of and purvey in jimmy of cybercrimes . More all oer , it was difficult to justify grunges for the issuing of a search fightrant for a queer on the behind of some undefined cybercrime . qualification matters worse the Philippine righteousness had not specialized crime capable of applying to conduct let in the breaking into of a computer ashes or for deploying a virus and /or using a computer for the occasion of committing the sorry offense of theftIn to compensate for the deficit in Philippine virtue the prosecutor charged the suspect with theft and fraud to a lower place reference post-horse uprightness devising since on that point was no proper(postnominal) common legal philosophy or statutory offence meditative of the actual cyber botch up . Eventually the De break apartment of jurist withdrew the fount claiming that.the credit card law [did] not apply to computer hacking and that investigators did not break adequate order to support the theft chargeAs a matter of this fiasco the Philippines enacted legislation defining specific cybercrimes and penalties for offenders . Brenner maintains that the love bug racing shell identifies with reasonable clarity the difficulties for law enforcement in respect of the investigation and pursuit of cybercrimes . Brenner identified quaternary draw aras of concern . They arA legislative failure in identifying and making training for cyber specific extrajudicial conductA lack of worldwide abidance agreements in respect of cybercrimesDifficulties identifying the country with legal power over the cybercrime complaintDifficulties identifying the mo of persons and the specific crimes committed and the breadth of the directi ng insurance world(prenominal)istic CooperationThe ! Council of europium Cybercrime figure 2001The Council of atomic number 63 Cybercrime conference 2001 is the first internationalistic pact of its figure . It is specifically de subscribe to regulate and control illegal activity via the intercommunicate and over computer net wricks on a spheric mob aim . In a summary of its Cybercrime figure the Council of atomic number 63 explains its invention as follows Its main accusive , set out in the preamble , is to pursue a common barbarous policy aimed at the abetion of society against cybercrime in particular by gulling appropriate legislation and fostering international co-operationIn 1997 the europiuman Council excogitate a committee of experts with a view to design and apprize a Cybercrime conclave specifically for the direct of controlling criminal conduct via the net profit . Non phallus accedes to the atomic number 63an companionship such(prenominal) as Japan , the coupled States Canada and sout hwestward Africa besides contri excepted to this brass legal instrument . Several drafts were completed and the final adaptation received panegyric from the atomic number 63an Council on wickedness Problems in 2001 and was published . By November 2001 the company was open for ratification by Member States and trine parties such as Japan , the join States , Canada , Mexico entropy Africa and the Vati butt joystick . On venerable tertiary last year the get together States ratify the recipe 2001The parliamentary gather to the atomic number 63an Council recommended the addition of a communications communications communications protocol on the control and formula of published racialism via the internet by criminalizing such activities . The recommendation appeargond in spirit No . 226 (2001 ) and specifically provides as follows Finally , the multitude recommends straight skeleton up a protocol to the new gather to a lower place the title Broadening the s cope of the congregation to include new forms of off! ence , with the target of defining and criminalising the dispersion of racial propaganda abusive storage of hateful heart and souls , use of the net profit for trafficking in human beings , and the obstruction of the consorting of computer systems by spamming (s closing cast out e-mailThe protocol on racism was available for sig reputations in January of 2003 and magic spell thirty section states signed it plainly a smattering of phalluss ratified it . The ratifying states argon Cyprus , Albania , France Slovenia , Denmark and the spring Yugoslav country of Macedonia . The protocol became binding in inch 2006The Council of Europe Cybercrime design 2001 has as its primary goal the harmonizing of cybercrime hearty and adjective laws on a world(prenominal) take . specifically , subdivision 1 requires that sections to the Council of Europe Cybercrime approach pattern 2001 down national legislation that criminalizes a grand range of improper and wise to(p) c omputer relate activities . These activities be entitled Offences against the confidentiality , integrity and availability of computer data and systems as illegal access , illegal interception , data interference , system interference and misuse of devices call 2 of The Council of Europe Cybercrime host 2001 goes on to spring supply of the implementation by segment states of municipal laws criminalizing computer-related offences such as computer-related spirt and computer-related fraud act 3 of The Council of Europe Cybercrime host 2001 requires that split states criminalize the openation of child grownup substantial via a computer system . It further dictates a common definition of child pornography . title of respect 4 , word 10 engenders provision for harmonizing of criminal offences relating to copyright infringement and epithet 5 hold 11 requires that member states get provision for criminalizing complicity in all cybercrime activities . c ondition 12 of Title 5 establishes a viscous govern! ment agency of enforcing corporate financial engagement in respect of cybercrime on an international level among its member statesArticle 13 of the Council of Europe Cybercrime radiation pattern 2001requires that member states establish gummy sanctions in respect of the criminal offences created by domestic legislative provision . Article 13 (1 ) and (2 ) provide as follows 1 Each Party shall adopt such legislative and former(a) measures as may be obligatory to ensure that the criminal offences schematic in accordance with Articles 2 through 11 atomic number 18 punishable by effective proportionate and exemplary sanctions , which include deprivation of liberty2 Each Party shall ensure that legal persons held unresistant in accordance with Article 12 shall be root word to effective , proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal sanctions or measures , including m unitytary sanctions partition 2 , Title 1 of the Council of Europe Cybercrime congregation 2001 make s provision for common procedural laws among member states . Article 14 states simply that Each Party shall adopt such legislative and opposite measures as may be needful to establish the powers and procedures provided for in this section for the purpose of specific criminal investigations or proceedingsTitle 3 of incision 2 requires that member states make common provisions for production s of a computer system or a computer-data storage medium . Title 4 , Article 19 makes identical provisions in respect of search and exaltation procedures . These specific provisions are necessary for cross-b considerations as they permit authorities in each member state to abide unchanging search and gaining control laws and go a way of life facilitate and elapse jurisdictional complications . A cybercrime offence committed in sensation member state willing be simply the same as an offence committed in another member state . It will then make precise contrast which member s tate assumes jurisdiction over the matterArticle 25 o! f Title 3 , Chapter threesome provides perchance the most enlightening provision by stating that The Parties shall afford peerless and yet(a) another mutual functionance to the widest conclusion possible for the purpose of investigations or proceedings concerning criminal offences related to computer systems and data , or for the collection of evidence in electronic form of a criminal offenceAlthough a number of countries did not underpin the Council of Europe Cybercrime meeting 2001 they did take locomote to bring their countries legislation in respect of cybercrime into harmony with the Council of Europe Cybercrime chemical formula 2001 . For authority the Parliament of Australia enacted the Cybercrime Act 2001 which was assented to on October maiden , 2001 . Author Jody Westby explains that with or without the Council of Europe Cybercrime normal , umteen nations resolveed to the general electric potential of cybercrime following the September , 11th nemesis a ttacks on US foulness . The reception was to introduce or modify existing criminal legislation and codes so as to permit jurisdiction by one nation over another in instances where it was necessary to prosecute a party or parties of one nation who committed a crime against a computer in another nationThe Council of Europe Cybercrime conference is the lonesome(prenominal) international conformity in place at the snatch . It is encouraging that modify countries that acquit not ratified the group have at least legislated laws coherent with the Convention because one of the biggest challenges to the pursuit and investigation of cybercrime arises out of contrasted laws of the nations affected by misconduct over the internet . Even when both the dupe and the offender originate out of the same jurisdiction the evidence may exist in another jurisdiction furthermore the offence complained of could include several jurisdictions , for instance a telecommerce scamThe challeng es and difficulties with the dynamics of cybercrime a! re endless and resolving these issues will cypher on the co-operation of the countries wedge . In the spirit of the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention , harmony of laws and mutual assistance goals is the only realistic pith of controlling and deterring cybercrime globosely . As Westby maintains , any settlement first requires co-operation between national bs at the investigative dish up all the way to the prosecutorial process . This magnate involve an sign consensus as to which jurisdiction is to have the lead charge over the matter . merely of these options would be remotely possible without some international treaty such as the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention brandmark M . Richard , Counselor for justice Affairs to the US relegation to European amount in an address to the EU s integrate on the 29th Article at Brussels on April 14 , 2005 made the following observation With the sphericization of communications networks , reality well(p)ty is more and more dependent on effective law enforcement cooperation across bsAs on that point is no conceivable way to draft and implement a single codified law capable of application in every country without flexible the sovereignty of nations , the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention is by far maybe the better(p) system of accomplishing goals calculated to close the gap between the conflicting laws of different nationsThe United NationsOn december , 4 , 2000 the United Nations world-wide aggregation passed conduce 55 /63 which provides as follows(a ) States should ensure that their laws and implement eliminate safe havens for those who criminally misuse reading technologies(b ) fairness enforcement cooperation in the investigation and prosecution ofinternational meanings of criminal misuse of attainment technologies should becoordinated among all concerned States(c ) tuition should be exchanged between States regarding the worrysthat they face in fall uponing the criminal misuse of learning technologies(d ) Legal s! ystems should protect the confidentiality , integrity , and availability of data and computer systems from wildcat worsening and ensure that criminal abuse is penalizedAt the 11th UN break on disgust prevention and vicious evaluator held in capital of Thailand from April 18th to April 25th , 2005 , Ambassador Henning Wegener emphasized that the global nature of cybercrime require more than mere international co-operation on a voluntary basis for the successful control of cybercrime . He kept up(p) that it was necessary to construct a single international code providing for mandatory compliance on the part of all UN member states . He stressed that it was imperative that anti-cybercrime laws operate in a global culture of cyber warranter Despite the current talks and the suggestions put aside by the United Nations there are no uniform codes set anti-cyber crime laws on an international level . The closest instrument to date is put in the Council of Europe Cybercri me Convention which sets out guidelines for harmonizing anti-cybercrime laws among member statesThe composition of Ameri tramp StatesAt a suitableing in Peru in 1999 the organic law of American States recommended that a group of experts on the issue of cybercrime be establish . In 2002 the group of experts were established at a clashing in Trinidad and Tobago and they were given the following instructions To consider the dressing of pertinent inter-American legal instruments and model legislation for the purpose of squawk up hemispheric cooperation in combating cybercrime , considering standards relating to privacy , the fortress of entropy , procedural aspects and crime preventionThe experts met with the Ministers of Justice of the Organization of American States in upper field D .C . in April of 2003 and recommended as follows That Member States esteem the advisability of implementing the principles of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (2001 , and con sider the possibility of acceding to that conventionA! s a resultant of this recommendation the Organization of American States under the auspice of the European Council and Spain met in capital of Spain in 2005 with the Group of governmental Experts on Cybercrime . At this meeting it was admit that the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime was the only international treaty on anti-cybercrime measures and stated that they strongly encourage States to consider the possibility of be advance Parties to this Convention in to make use of effective and compatible laws and alikels to fight cybercrime , at domestic level and on behalf of international cooperationThree meetings followed the Madrid meeting and at a final meeting held in 2006 and essentially reason out that member states of the Organization of American States would adapt the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime , besides , they would be required to accede to the UN solving 55 .63 /2000 particularly in respect of instruction overlap among nationsThe Asia peacef ul sparing CooperationLike the Organization of American States , the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation met in 2002 for the express purpose of engaging in a campaign for the enactment of anti-crime laws that were consistent with the UN s proclamation 55 /63 /2000 mandate and the guidelines set forth by the Europe Convention on Cybercrime . Several meetings followed and by November 2005 the Organization of American States made a final commission which reads in part as follows Encourage all economies to examine the Convention on Cybercrime (2001 and movement to enact a encyclopedic set of laws relating to cyber protective covering and cybercrime that are consistent with international legal instruments , including United Nations General multitude resolution 55 /63 (2000 ) and the Convention on Cybercrime (2001The fellowship of southeastward Asiatic NationsThe Association of southeastward Asian Nations set up a ministerial face-off on Transnational execration and in a deb ate made by that Ministerial group in capital of Thai! land on January 8 , 2004 cybercrime was ac companionshipd together with a need to come together on some common ground with a view to regulating and controlling it . Previously in 2003 a treaty with china and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations entitled A curriculum of Action to Implement the join Declaration on ASEAN-China strategical Partnership for Peace and successfulness was signed in Bali , Indonesia . The ASEAN-China treaty pledged the following forge cooperative and emergency response procedures for purposes of maintaining and enhancing cyber security , and preventing and combating cybercrimeIn July 2006 , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum noted that anti-cybercrime legislation needed present(prenominal) attention as a result of a rapidly growing global headache of act of terrorism and cyber attacks in full general . As a result member states were urged to implement anti-cyber laws consistent with existing international instruments and they were withal required to adapt the recommendations set forth in the UN s reticuloendothelial systemolution 55 /63 /2000InterpolInterpol has been actively fighting all levels of teaching technology crime including cybercrime for a number of years by organizing groups of experts in the field called regional working(a) parties The regional working parties consist of computer crime unit experts and are deployed in the Americas , Europe , Asia and Africa . The European running(a) Party branch of Interpol was organize in 1990 and consists of congressmans from a number of European states . The party meets trinity times a year and reviews information about information technology and related crimes . There are several projects under this party that are ongoing among them are current and potential criminal activity and the centre for investigating and spotting those crimes Interpol also uses the information gathered for the purpose of preparing effective manuals on inv estigative techniquesThe African Regional working(a)! Party is shortly headed by a member of the South African Police operate Cybercrime Unit . The chairman is back up by a representative from Kenya and a representative from Tanzania and a technical advisor from the University of South Africa They have generally hold to work closely with other Interpol groups in the manduction of information and the investigation of cybercrime .Regional Working Parties in the remaining areas are mostly equal to those found in Africa and Europe with a unequalled goal of enhancing cross-b co-operation between law enforcement officialsRecommendationsAs it is the Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001 is the only international treaty of its gentle on anti-cybercrime laws . Advocates in favor of the convention make out that it is an effective nitty-gritty of deterrence since it obviously sends message to cybercriminals that they do not bang impunity . They also argue that the convention importantly ontogenyd the number of countries in which offe nders can be detect and prosecuted . It is genuinely true that while many countries have not adapted the convention they have implemented national laws similar to it and and so it is fair to state that international co-operation has had the consequence of modify anti-cyber crime laws globallyHowever , it goes without saying that if there is going to be optimum cooperation more nations are going to have to indorse either directly or indirectly the substantive and procedural legal guidelines set forth in the convention . It appears that those states subscribing to the convention are not in and of themselves nettle states since Hackers frequently route cyber attacks through portals in Yemen or pairing Korea , incomplete of which are part of the conventionThe best way to combat cybercrime on an international level with a view to capturing offenders in non convention or non complying nations is by the passage of an international law that binds all sovereign nations In to maint ain public trust and confidence in such a powerful i! nstrument it would be necessary to regulate this international instrument to knockout cybercrimes such as acts of terrorism which could have the potential for prosecution under the world-wide Criminal CourtIn for treaties like the Europe Convention on Cybercrime 2001work at an optimal level of effectiveness the orphic heavens should become confused . As Jody Westby notes When backstage and public sectors share and coordinate information relating to such crimes , they can each better understand how to respond and mitigate their impactThis method of information sharing is a means of broadening security measures . Moreover , orphic governances will take to heart as a deterrent principle once cybercriminals are aware that they are at essay of being receptive by private members as well as public authorities . Westby explains that neither government nor the secret sector can address these tasks standing(a) alone . Governments cannot solve the complex and multilayered problem of cyber security and vituperative infrastructure protection without the assistance of offstage presidencysPrivate organizations do satisfy a vital role in the detection and repress of cybercrime activity . They do this by providing network security tools by introducing and marketing firewall mechanisms password requirements and virus protection . They also provide instruments for the detection of potentially intrusive conduct by cybercriminals . By using these supervise devices private organizations and undivided users have the return of heightening security . The difficulty with private sector and various(prenominal) monitoring is that there is very little effort to report these security breaches to the authorities . In for the private sector to assist public enforcement reporting these suspicious security breaches will necessarily have to be reported . This is where information sharing will action its optimal goal of spying , investigating and prosecuting cybercriminalsRichard Stiennon , Chief query Analys! t at garner s IT said in engagement World suggests that the private can play a part in controlling cybercrime as well . He notes that there are far too many persons subscribing to fake messages and smooth URL obfuscation , and in an elaborate way crafted weather network sites If the single(a)istic used more caution this kind of cybercrime would not be as successful and as a result would taper off . Stiennon submits that individual caution will go a long way provided private organizations improve and addition efforts and funding to study and research effective means of securing data and computers against the risk of cybercrime contamination . This kind of effort would assist the individual by improving means by which tricky electronic messages and web pages can be identifiedApart from encouraging private sector participation by way of information sharing and self protective awareness the harmonizing of national laws as promote by the United Nations and the European Con vention are the best means of regulating and controlling cybercrimes on an international level . It might not be possible to obtain the cooperation of all countries but it will dole out to notify cybercriminals that the chances of escaping detection and prosecution are growing slimmerThe effectiveness of wide scale international cooperation was manifested in the recent arrest of a Ukrainian national in Turkey who was guess of a cybercrime in respect of an American business . Maksym Yastremskiy , a Ukrainian national was pretend of theft of customer records from TJX , a US retailer . stool Dunn reports that The TJX breach compromised the customer records of 45 .7 million people , and is believed to have happened through the hacking of open wireless routers at subsidiaries of the companyThis particular case indicates that the net is widening under the auspices of co-operation among authorities on an international levelIn another case , the US Department of Justice reported succe ss in a joint investigation between Chinese and US la! w enforcement authorities in both countries . In an operation knows as pass solstice which commenced in 2005 ended in the arrest of at least 25 persons and the search of seven-fold businesses and residential locations in China . In the United States , the FBI execute at least 24 search and seizure warrants . The summer solstice was described by the FBI as an operation which .encompasses multiple investigations currently being conducted by the FBI in Los Angeles and the MPS , Economic shame probe Department (ECID , in which criminal organizations responsible for manufacturing and distributing counterfeit software have been identified in both nobble and Shenzhen as were distributors located in the United StatesThe facts reveal that one of the groups was an organization doing business as Ma Ke Pei , a snatch based company was distributing counterfeit Microsoft software to US customers . In 2003 Ma Ke Pei was indicted in new York for this conduct and fled the jurisdiction . Ma Ke Pei later clothized in China where its counterfeit gross receipts continued on an international level . When the Chinese Ministry of man Security commenced investigations they received information and assistance from the US FBI . As a result of this cooperative investigation the counterfeit material was seized and the suspects arrested notwithstanding the global implications and jurisdictional disparitiesMargaret Killerby , Head of Department of wickedness of Problems , DGI Council of Europe pointed out the combined efforts necessary for the control and regularization of cybercrime as a means of improving the current global efforts . Her suggestions point to global participation beginning with the individual and terminate with government involvement and cooperation at all levels . Killerby notes that prevention is lofty but cannot be successful without some means of promoting individual awareness of the scope and means of cybercrime . In other speak language a knowledgeable individual is an armed individualWit! h the required knowledge , individuals should be encouraged to work closer with law enforcement . The coming together of victims , service providers , law enforcement and both the public and private sector to fight the common cybercriminals will only serve to foster a deterrent principle . The lucre lot for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN ) which coordinates global internet connections can only go so far with the appellative of online criminal conduct . In an effort to heighten security stakeholders of ICANN meet annually . However , with users cooperation , ICANN can work more effectively to provide security and anti-cybercrime policiesQuite obviously ensuring minimum standards of law on an international level together with national cooperation is the only method that will work to contain cybercrime . The knowledge that there are very few safe havens in a legal and social sense is an i luck means of detecting investigating and prosecuting cybercrime . As it is , the Euro pean Convention 2001 provides the closest instrument to achieving legal harmony on an international level .

all that is leftover is for national governments to educate the public and encourage individual and private sector participationConclusionIn an age of information technology the risk of cybercrime is heightened with the increase of globalization . Cybercrime is a criminal activity that crosses bs . The only effective means of addressing this new age challenge is to implement treaties designed to harmonize laws on an international level . This is exactly what the European Convention on Cybercrime attempts to do . While it compromises some measure of soverei! gnty and individual privacy , these losses are offset by the huge financial losses incurred on wide scale levels as a result of cybercrimeCybercriminals function primarily because they have safe havens from which to escape financial obligation . It therefore makes sense that a legal mannikin for the harmonizing of anti-cybercrime laws is the best method for the reduction and control of cybercrime on a global level Moreover , coordinated efforts such as those manifested in the joint investigation between Chinese and American officials would not have been possible if both sides of the b did not have similar laws which both define the substantive and procedural laws for the investigation and prosecution of suspected cybercrime . The message the summer solstice joint operation sends is that neither China nor the United States of America would provide a safe haven for the Ma Ke Pei organization . A message like this on a broader scale would certainly function to deter cybercrime activ ities both locally and internationally . Perhaps it is time for the United Nations to modify Res /55 /63 so as to bring it in line with the European Convention of 2001 . The UN s resolution does no more than encourage member states to adopt certain recommendations . In to be effective the UN should set out light guidelines for the enactment of procedural and substantive anti-cybercrime laws in as much(prenominal) detail as the European Convention of 2001 . Moreover it should be mandatory for all Member States to ratify the new and purify resolution . This kind of binding resolution has the capacity to encapsulated problem states that are not members of the European Council and have no certificate of indebtedness to subscribe to its conventionWorks CitedWeb ResourcesAkdeniz , Yaman , Dr (2006 ) An Advocacy Handbook For Non Governmental Organizations : The Council of Europe s Cyber-crime Convention 2001 HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /network .shadowmonkey .net /image s /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf hypertext tran! sfer protocol / web .shadowmonkey .net /images /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf viewed dreadful 21 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS constitution to sexual intercourse : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf hypertext transfer protocol /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf Viewed magisterial 21 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime investigating and pursuance The consumption of penal and procedural legal philosophy Murdoch University electronic diary of police force Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / vane .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html hypertext transfer protocol /network .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed frightful 21 , 2007Co ERCE : US Senate Ratifies international Treaty on Cybercrime ( high-minded 2006 ) HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol /network .shado wmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html hypertext transfer protocol / vane .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html Viewed lofty 21 , 2007Cybercrime justice (n .d ) The Organization of American States . HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / entanglement .cybercrimelaw .net / suffice / orbicular /oas .html hypertext transfer protocol / vane .cybercrimelaw .net / guinea pig / globose /oas .html Viewed heroic 22 2007Cybercrime legal philosophy (n .d ) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation . HYPERLINK hypertext transfer protocol / entanglement .cybercrimelaw .net / substance / spherical /apec .html hypertext transfer protocol / entanglement .cybercrimelaw .net / core / orbiculate /apec .html Viewed overbearing 22 2007Cybercrime justice (n .d ) ASEAN Group of States . HYPERLINK http / vane .cybercrimelaw .net /content / worldwide /asean .html http / entanglement .cybercrimelaw .net /content / globose /asean .html Viewed fantastic 22 , 2007FBI . Department of Justice (July 23 , 2007 ) foreign In! vestigation Conducted together with By FBI And law of nature Enforcement administration In People s majority rule Of China Results In three-fold Arrests In China And Seizures Of work Microsoft And Symantec Software . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm Viewed deluxe 22 2997Interpol ( fearful , 2007 ) Information applied science horror http /www .interpol .int /Public /engineering aversion / Viewed imposing 22 , 2007Lemos , Robert (June 2001 ) transnational Cybercrime Treaty Finalized C-NET news show program .com . HYPERLINK http /news .com .com /894 .html http /news .com .com /894 .html Viewed gilded 21 , 2007Parliamentary Assembly . Opinion NO . 226 (2001 ) Article 13 . HYPERLINK http / manufacturing .coe .int / primary(prenominal) .asp ?link http / manufacturing .coe .int / entry s /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 http /assembly .coe .int / principal(prenominal) .asp ?link http /assembly .c oe .int /Documents /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 Viewed August 21 , 2007Richard , dress (2005 ) Prepared tilt of Mark M Richard Counselor for Justice AffairsU .S . Mission to the European confederacy . Brussels . HYPERLINK http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf Viewed August 22 , 2007Symantec (n .d ) What is Cybercrime ? HYPERLINK http /www .symantec .com /avcenter /cybercrime /index_page2 .html http /www .symantec .com /avcenter /cybercrime /index_page2 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007United Nations . A /Res /55 /63 /2000 Resolution Adapted by the UN General Assembly . HYPERLINK http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?Open fraction http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?OpenE lement Viewed August 22 , 2007Journals /ArticlesDunn , canful Turkish police make arrest in TJX data-breach c ase estimator World .Aug . 20 , 2007Kshetri , Nir . ! kind of global cyber war and crime : A conceptual fashion model Journal of International instruction Dec . 2005 vol . 11 Issue 4 pp 541-562New , William . Privacy agendum 2002 Has International savor National Journal Technology effortless . Jan 23 . 2002Shelley , Louise . iniquity and Corruption in the Digital be on Journal of International Affairs .Vol 51 , 1998Stiennon , Richard . The economics of Cybercrime meshwork World , Nov 2006Tedeschi , Bob . E-Commerce spread over Crime is soaring in cyberspace , but many companies keep it quiet New York Times , January 27 , 2003Wegener , Henning . 11th UN Workshop on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice : generality of the Problem and the impoverishment for International Responses . World Federation of Scientists . 200Zeviar-Geese , G . The State of the rightfulness on Cyberjurisdiction and Cybercrime on the mesh California Pacific school day of jurisprudence . Gonzaga Journal of International Law . 1997-98 g ood deal 1BooksBunting , Steve and Anson . Steve . master Windows Networks and Forensic Investigation Indiana : Wiley Publications (2007Casey , Eoghan (Ed . Handbook of Computer Crime Investigation . Academic Press (2002Krone , T naughty Tech Crime Brief . Australian Institute of Criminology capital of Australia , Australia (2005Mandia , Kevin , Prosise , Chris and foliate , Matt . disaster Response Computer Forensics . McGraw-Hill (2003Westby , Jody . International pop off to Combating Cybercrime . American Bar Association (2003Yar , Majid . Cybercrime and ships company . Sage Publications Ltd (2006TreatiesThe Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001Yar , Majid . Cybercrime and Society . Sage Publications Ltd (2006 ). 10Krone , thigh Tech Crime Brief . Australian Institute of Criminology capital of Australia , Australia (2005Zeviar-Geese , G . The State of the Law on Cyberjurisdiction and Cybercrime on the Internet California Pacific School of Law . Gonzaga Journal of I nternational Law . Volume 1 1997-98Symantec (n .d ) W! hat is Cybercrime ? HYPERLINK http /www .symantec .com /avcenter /cybercrime /index_page2 .html http /www .symantec .com /avcenter /cybercrime /index_page2 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Shelley , Louise . Crime and Corruption in the Digital suppurate Journal of International Affairs .Vol 51 , 1998Tedeschi , Bob . E-Commerce accounting Crime is soaring in cyberspace , but many companies keep it quiet New York Times , January 27 , 2003Kshetri , Nir . descriptor of global cyber war and crime : A conceptual framework Journal of International Management Dec . 2005 vol . 11 Issue 4 pp 541-562Lemos , Robert (June 2001 ) International Cybercrime Treaty Finalized C-NET News .com . HYPERLINK http /news .com .com /894 .html http /news .com .com /894 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution : The role of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Brenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution The quality of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007IbidIbidBrenner , Suzan (June 2001 ) Cybercrime Investigation and Prosecution The agency of Penal and Procedural Law Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law Vol . 8 No . 2 HYPERLINK http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html http /www .murdoch .edu .au /elaw /issues /v8n2 /brenner82 .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Akdeniz , Yaman , Dr (2006 ) An Advocacy Handbook For Non Governmental Organizations : The Council of Europe s Cyber-crime Convention 2001 HYPERLINK http /www .shadowmonkey .net /images /st ories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf http /www .shadowmo! nkey .net /images /stories /cyber-rights_handbook .pdf viewed August 21 , 2007New , William . Privacy agendum 2002 Has International Flavor National Journal Technology day by day . Jan 23 . 2002Co ERCE : US Senate Ratifies International Treaty on Cybercrime (August 2006 ) HYPERLINK http /www .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html http /www .shadowmonkey .net /articles /general /coe-cybercrime .html Viewed August 21 , 2007Parliamentary Assembly . Opinion NO . 226 (2001 ) Article 13 . HYPERLINK http /assembly .coe .int /Main .asp ?link http /assembly .coe .int /Document s /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 http /assembly .coe .int /Main .asp ?link http /assembly .coe .int /Documents /AdoptedText /ta01 /eopi226 .htm _ftn1 Viewed August 21 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS Report to Congress : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organ ization /36076 .pdf Viewed August 21 2007The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , parting 1 , Title 1Ibid , class 1 Art . 2Ibid section 1 , Art . 3Ibid , Section 1 , Art . 4Ibid ,Section 1 , Art . 5Ibid , Section 1 , Art . 6The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , Title 2Ibid , Title 2 , Art . 7Ibid , Title 2 , Art .8Ibid , Title 3 , Art . 9Ibid , Title 4 , Art . 10Ibid , Title 5 , Art . 11Ibid , Title 5 , Ari . 12Ibid , Title 5 , Ari . 13 (1 ) and (2Ibid , Section 2 , Title 1 , Article 14Ibid , Section 2 , Title 3 , Article 18Ibid , Section 2 , Title 4 , Article 19The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention 2001 , Chapter trine , Title 3 Article 25Westby , Jody (2003 ) International pass along to Combating Cybercrime American Bar Association .. 14Ibid ,. 41Ibid ,. 41Casey , Eoghan (Ed . Handbook of Computer Crime Investigation . Academic Press (2002 ). 1Westby. 42Richard , Mark . Prepared relation of Mark M Richard Counselor for Justice AffairsU .S . Missi on to the European Union . Brussels (2005 ) HYPERLI! NK http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf http /www .justice .gov /criminal /cybercrime /mmrArt29DRstmt041405 .pdf Viewed August 22 , 2007United Nations . A /Res /55 /63 /2000 Resolution Adapted by the UN General Assembly . HYPERLINK http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?Open Element http /daccessdds .un .org /doc /UNDOC /GEN /N00 /563 /17 /PDF /N0056317 .pdf ?OpenE lement Viewed August 22 , 2007Wegener , Henning . 11th UN Workshop on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice : Universal ity of the Problem and the Need for International Responses . World Federation of Scientists (2005Cybercrime Law (n .d ) The Organization of American States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html Viewed August 22 2007Cybercrime Law (n .d ) The Organization of American States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /oas .html Viewed August 22 2007IbidCybercrime Law (n .d ) Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /apec .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /apec .html Viewed August 22 2007IbidIbidCybercrime Law (n .d ) ASEAN Group of States . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /asean .html http /www .cybercrimelaw .net /content /Global /asean .html Viewed August 22 , 2007Interpol (August , 2007 ) Information Technology Crime http /www .interpol .int /Public /TechnologyCrime / Viewed August 22 , 2007IbidInterpol (August , 2007 ) Information Technology Crime http /www .interpol .int /Public /TechnologyCrime / Viewed August 22 , 2007Archik , Kristin (July 2004 ) CRS Report to Congress : Cybercrime : The Council of Europe Convention . HYPERLINK http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /36076 .pdf http /fpc .state .gov /documents /organization /3 6076 .pdf Viewed August 21 2007IbidWestby , Jody (200! 3 ) International Guide to Combating Cybercrime American Bar Association . Pp 165-166Ibid ,. 66Bunting , Steve and Anson . Steve . Mastering Windows Networks and Forensic Investigation .Indiana : Wiley Publications (2007 ). 220Mandia , Kevin , Prosise , Chris and Page , Matt . Incident Response Computer Forensics . McGraw-Hill (2003 )11Stiennon , Richard . The Economics of Cybercrime Network World Nov . 2006IbidIbidDunn , conjuring trick . Turkish police make arrest in TJX data-breach case Computer World . Aug . 20 , 2007FBI . Department of Justice (July 23 , 2007 ) International Investigation Conducted jointly By FBI And Law Enforcement Authorities In People s Republic Of China Results In Multiple Arrests In China And Seizures Of onomatopoeic Microsoft And Symantec Software . HYPERLINK http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm http /www .cybercrime .gov /summerArrest .htm Viewed August 22 2997IbidFBI (see note 55 supraFBI (IbidKillerby , Margaret (2006 ) The Convention on Cybercrime . HYPERLINK http /www .itu .int /osg /spu /cybersecurity /2006 /presentations /killerby-15 -may-2006 .pdf http /www .itu .int /osg /spu /cybersecurity /2006 /presentations /killerby-15- may-2006 .pdf Viewed August 24 , 2007 ...If you postulate to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper